Lesson 3- Protochordates and the origin of craniates

Question 1

Protochordate and the origin of craniates possessed this

Answer 1

1. bilateral symmetry
2. pharyngeal slits
   3.notochord
   4.dorsal hollow CNS
   5.postanal tail
   6.endostyle

Question 2

Vertebrate beginnings/Origin of Craniates among the oldest & best known as ___

Answer 2

ostracoderms

Question 3

• had bony plates and scales (&, therefore, were easily
  fossilized; armored fishes)
• jawless vertebrates called ‘armored fishes’
• small bony scales fitted tightly where there are no scales

Answer 3

Origin of Craniates

Question 4

Before ostracoderms, there a primitive fish that have
many similarities to living hagfishes and
are the oldest vertebrates (530 my) ever
found, these are ___ and ___

Answer 4

Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa and Haikouichthys
ercaicunensis -

Question 5

The earliest known chordate before vertebrates.

Answer 5

Cathaymyrus diadexus

Question 6

Researchers think that Cathaymyrus is a
fossil relative of _____

Answer 6

modern lancelets (amphioxus)

Question 7

He proposed the establishment of Phylum
Chordata in 1874

Answer 7

Ernst Haeckel

Question 8

Examples of Deuterostoma

Answer 8

1. echinodermata
2. Hemichordata
3. Chordata

Question 9

Suphylum of Chordata

Answer 9

1. Urochordata
2. Cephalochordata

Question 10

Subphylum of Vertebrata

Answer 10

Craniata

Question 11

Vertebrata is ____

Answer 11

craniates with vertebrae

Question 12

Lancelet or Amphioxus belong to what subphylum or chordata

Answer 12

Cephalochordata

Question 13

it is a subset of the larger group of animalia and share common features in development.

Answer 13

Basal Deuterostomes

Question 14

The starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea daisies and crinoids belongs to _____

Answer 14

Echinoderms

Question 15

The skeleton of echinoderms contain _____

Answer 15

calcium carbonate

Question 16

• it has presence of a secondary radial
  symmetry except in the most basal members

Answer 16

Echinoderms

Question 17

Acorn worms is an example of _____

Answer 17

hemichordates

Question 18

_____ marine organisms that live in the mud under shallow waters; fragile when handled; 1.5 m.

-with invertebrate and chordate features

Answer 18

Hemichordates

Question 19

Bateson added acorn worms to the Phylum Chordata in
1884 because they have:

Answer 19

1. a dorsal, hollow nervous system
2. gill slits
3. a short diverticulum of the gut called the stomochord

Question 20

marine chordates

Answer 20

Urochordata

Question 21

In Urochordata the ___ is confined to the locomotor tail of the
free- living larval stage and lost during metamorphosis
into sessile adults.

Answer 21

notochord

Question 22

They are enclosed within a delicate, nonliving, and colored transparent tunic (Tunicates/ Tunicata).
-filter feeders
-possess pharyngeal slits

Answer 22

Urochordata

Question 23

➢ sea squirts
➢ solitary or colonial populations
➢ larvae a. tiny (0.5mm – 11mm), have fleeting existence
and do not feed (subsist on nutrients stored in the tissues)

Answer 23

Ascidians

Question 24

For adult (metamorphosis), in Urochordata, they have the following:

Answer 24

a. adhesive papillae with
sticky secretions
attach the larva
b. notochord is resorbed
c. nervous system –
altered in location and
structure
d. mouth – incurrent
siphon, atriopore –
excurrent siphon,
e. filter feeder
f. with functioning heart

Question 25

Organism in Subphylum Cephalochordata

Answer 25

Amphioxus

Question 26

Vertebrate features found in Subphylum Cephalochordata:

Answer 26

➢ notochord ➢ dorsal, hollow nervous system ➢ pharyngeal gill slits ➢ 'circulatory' system - vertebrate pattern with 'pumping vessels‘ (but no heart)

Question 27

- all trunk; muscles segments that lie just under the skin -- myomeres extend the entire length of the organism (locomotor muscle)

Answer 27

Locomotor musculature

Question 28

integument is a single layer of epidermis and a thin dermis -diffusion of oxygen (cutaneous respiration)

Answer 28

Skin

Question 29

diffusion of oxygen in skin

Answer 29

cutaneous respiration

Question 30

- opens into the atrium which surrounds the pharynx laterally and ventrally

Answer 30

Pharyngeal slits

Question 31

With this, oxygen is extracted through diffusion to areas where there is oxygen debt

Answer 31

Pharyngeal slits

Question 32

Pathway of water

Answer 32

Pharynx to atrium to atriopore

Question 33

- extends from tip to the rostrum to the tip of the tails

Answer 33

Notochord

Question 34

- muscular disc arranged like a long roll of coins separated by fluid-filled spaces

Answer 34

Nootchord

Question 35

- adaptation that facilitates burrowing in the sand in Cephalopoda

Answer 35

Notochord

Question 36

A skeletal structures: fibrous rods that support the pharyngeal bars, buccal cirri, mid-dorsal fin-like ridges

Answer 36

Notochord

Question 37

- hollow brain and dorsal nerve cord containing a central canal lined with ependymal cells

Answer 37

Nervous system and sense organs

Question 38

surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Answer 38

Leptomeninx

Question 39

how many subdivision does a brain have?

Answer 39

2

Question 40

dorsal roots (sensory fibers from the integument and sensory fibers from and motor fibers to the visceral organs

Answer 40

- spinal nerves

Question 41

an eye-like (not for pictorial vision) but sensor for light ambient intensity; light sensitive and pigmented

Answer 41

Ocellus

Question 42

The _ is embedded within the ventrolateral walls of the spinal cord throughout its length. - consists of a receptor cell and a caplike melanocyte

Answer 42

Ocellus

Question 43

In food processing, they are ____

Answer 43

filter feeders

Question 44

The _ in the e pharyngeal surface of the pharyngeal bars create a steady flow of water through the mouth and into the pharynx

Answer 44

Cilia

Question 45

– collective chamber of seawater - laterally by oral hood caudally by velum perforated by the mouth, which opens into the pharynx

Answer 45

Vestibule

Question 46

– covered with sticky mucus; retrieves some of the heavier food particles which directs it to the mouth and pharynx

Answer 46

Wheel organ

Question 47

– partially strain water as it enters the vestibule

Answer 47

Buccal cirri

Question 48

The ____ monitor the food that enters

Answer 48

Buccal cirri

Question 49

– not prominent cavity in adult

Answer 49

Coelom

Question 50

For cephalochordata, they have no ____

Answer 50

heart

Question 51

In cephalochordata, ____ is colorless serum that lacks blood cells, platelets and other formed bodies

Answer 51

blood

Question 52

_ termination of venous system; beginning of arteries; not a pump

Answer 52

Sinus venosus

Question 53

- ventral aorta, bulbous swelling and muscle contraction during movement participates in ______

Answer 53

pumping the blood

Question 54

This participates in pumping the blood

Answer 54

ventral aorta, bulbous swelling and muscle contraction during movement

Question 55

In elimination of metabolic waste, the ____ is a cells that collect the metabolic wastes

Answer 55

cyrtopodocytes

Question 56

– footlike projections that make contact with an adjacent glomerulus (arterial rete)

Answer 56

pedicels

Question 57

- long strand of microvilli that terminates in the lumen of a nephridial tubule (collects fluid from a cluster of cyrtopodocytes and empty into the atrium)

Answer 57

Pedicels

Question 58

– from cyrtopodocyte that propell tubule fluids to the atrium

Answer 58

flagellum

Question 59

Pathway of elimination of metabolic waste in Cephalochordata

Answer 59

glomeruli to pedicels to cyrtopodocyte to microvillar strands to nephridial tubule to atrium to atriopore

Question 60

- gametes are flushed into the sea via the _____ (external fertilization)

Answer 60

atriopore

Question 60

- bulge into the atrium into which sperm or egg are shed -- gametes are flushed into the sea via the atriopore (external fertilization)

Answer 60

gonads

Question 60

ovaries and testes do not develop in the same individual

Answer 60

Dioecious

Question 61

Cephalization can be found in _____ and not in Amphioxus

Answer 61

Craniates

Question 62

Paired of sense organs can be found in ____ and not in amphioxus

Answer 62

Craniates

Question 63

Found in both craniates and amphioxus (cephalochordata)

Answer 63

1. Notochord 2. Pharyngeal slits 3. Hollow CNS 4. Segmented musculature 5. Two layered skin 6. Venous and arterial channels 7. Coelom

Question 64

___ has no vertebral column but has notochord

Answer 64

Amphioxus

Question 65

__ have pharyngeal slits but are large in numbers and emptying into the atrium

Answer 65

amphioxus

Question 66

___ has hollow CNS but lacks major divisions

Answer 66

Amphioxus

Question 67

____ have segmented musculature but extend to the tip of the head

Answer 67

Segmented musculature

Question 68

____ have 2 layered skin but epidermis is one cell thick

Answer 68

Amphioxus

Question 69

___ no vascular heart

Answer 69

Amphioxus

Question 70

The coelom is restricted in adults in ____

Answer 70

amphioxus

Question 71

Subphylum of phylum chordata

Answer 71

Vertebrata

Question 72

Superclass of subphylum vertebrata

Answer 72

Superclass: Pisces Superclass: Tetrapoda

Question 73

4 classes belongs to superclass pisces

Answer 73

Class Agnatha Class Placodermii Class Chondricthyes Class Acanthodii Class Osteichthyes

Question 74

4 classes belong to superclass tetrapoda

Answer 74

Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia