Lesson 2-Concepts Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Types of symmetry in animals
A
- Spherical Symmetry
- Radial Symmetry
- Bilateral Symmetry
2
Q
- the body of the individual divided into equal halves by any plane
passing through the center from top to bottom
A
Radial symmetry
3
Q
Symmetry found in found in some sponges (Sycon), cnidarians (e.g. Hydra
jelly), and echinoderms (e.g. sea star)
A
Radial Symmetry
4
Q
Symmetry found in found in some sponges (Sycon), cnidarians (e.g. Hydra
jelly), and echinoderms (e.g. sea star)
A
Radial Symmetry
5
Q
Symmetry found in found in some sponges (Sycon), cnidarians (e.g. Hydra
jelly), and echinoderms (e.g. sea star)
A
Radial Symmetry
6
Q
when the body can be divided into two similar halves by one or
two vertical planes only, the radial symmetry is called
A
Biradial Symmetry
7
Q
the body can be divided into two equal halves by a single plane only because the important body organs are paired and occur on the two sides of a central axis.
A
Bilateral Symmetry
8
Q
A type of symmetry is found in many invertebrates and all vertebrates.
A
Bilateral Symmetry
9
Q
- segmentation of body into somites or metameres
A
Metamerism
10
Q
Types of Metamerism
A
- Pseudometamerism
- True Metamerism
11
Q
Types of Metamerism
A
- Pseudometamerism
- True Metamerism
12
Q
Symmetry in Amoeba
A
Asymmetry
13
Q
symmetry in Volvox
A
Soherical Symmetry
14
Q
symmetry in Sea
jellie
A
Radial
15
Q
Symmetry in spider
A
bilateral symmetry
16
Q
-occurs in cestodes in which every segment is independent of
the other and contains complete set of organs that have no
connection with organs in other segments
A
Pseudometamerism
17
Q
In pseudometamerism, during growth new segments are added____ in the neck
region
A
in the front
18
Q
- serial repetition of homologous organs in each segment but these organs function in coordination with the others
- all segments are integrated into a single functional unit
A
True metamerism
19
Q
- serial repetition of homologous organs in each segment but these organs function in coordination with the others
- all segments are integrated into a single functional unit
A
True metamerism
20
Q
- serial repetition of homologous organs in each segment but these organs function in coordination with the others
- all segments are integrated into a single functional unit
A
True metamerism
21
Q
Examples of organs in pseudometamerism
A
- nephridia, nerves, muscles, reproductive organs, appendages
etc.
22
Q
In true metamerism, - new segments are added in front of the last segment called
_____
A
pygidium
23
Q
In true metamerism, animals typically have an anterior acron and posterior pygidium and various intermediate segments called ____
A
metameres or somite
24
Q
In higher invertebrates, such as ______, metamerism provided
an opportunity for specialization of segments into head, thorax and
abdomen and serially repeated organs could be specialized resulting
in rapid evolution
A
arthropods
25
higher invertebrates, such as arthropods, metamerism provided
an opportunity for specialization of segments into ____, ____, and __ and serially repeated organs could be specialized resulting
in rapid evolution
head, thorax, and abdomen
26
-evolutionary trend toward concentrating nervous tissue, the mouth, and sense organs toward the front end of an animal
Cephalization
27
______ organisms have a head and brain, while less cephalized animals display one or more regions of nervous
tissue
Fully cephalized
28
______ organisms have a head and brain, while less cephalized animals display one or more regions of nervous
tissue
Fully cephalized
29
- associated with bilateral symmetry and movement with the head facing forward
cephalization
30
- sense organs or tissues are concentrated on or near the head,
which is at the front of the animal as it moves forward. The mouth is also located near the front of the creature
Cephalization
31
Cephalization and the senses
hear, smell, see, taste, touch
32
• The cephalized position
of the electroreceptors in
sharks (_______) for locating
preys.
Ampullae of
Lorenzini
33
• The cephalized position
of the electroreceptors in
sharks (_______) for locating
preys.
Ampullae of
Lorenzini
34
➢ manifestation of homologous structures in
different species
homology
35
_structures that had been inherited from a common ancestor
- may be similar or broadly dissimilar
morphologically and functionally
-stapes in the middle ear of mammals and hyomandibular cartilage that suspends the jaw
Homologous structure
36
According to____ – homologue is “the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and
function”
Boyden (1943)
37
Boyden (1943) – ______ is “the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and
function”
homologue
38
Criteria in Homology
1. comparative embryology – structures in two different animals are homologous if they come from the same embryonic precursor
2. other sources of data – e.g. muscles – same innervation
3. congruence between the structure’s distribution and the hypothesis of relationship for the taxa processing the structure
39
– structures in two
different animals are homologous if they come from the same embryonic precursor
comparative embryology
40
➢ presence in different species of structures that look alike but are not similar due to
common ancestry
Homoplasy
41
_____can result from
convergence or accident
homoplastic structures
42
_____can result from
convergence or accident
homoplastic structures
43
– evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to
similar environments
evolutionary convergence
44
– evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to
similar environments
evolutionary convergence
45
Pattern and Process
A. Homology and Homoplasy
B. Serial Homology
C. Analogy
46
segmentally equivalent structure within the organism
eg. vertebral column, limbs, hands
Serial homology
47
➢ coincidental resemblance
➢ two structures that have the same function
are analogous
➢horns of cattle and rhinoceros
Analogy
48
➢ comparative anatomist of the 19th century
Richard Owen
49
it is homologous structures that shares a similar function
Analogous homologue
50
it is nonhomologous structures that share a similar function
Analogous homoplasies
51
Types of Adapataion
1. Biological adaptations
2. Preadaptation
52
➢ hereditary modification of a phenotype that
increases the probability of survival
➢ result of environmental pressures that, by
natural selection, propagate genetic
mutations that have survival value
biological adaptation
53
➢ traits that have enabled a phenotype to meet a new environmental change before it materializes
➢ increases the chances of survival in an
existing environment
preadaptation
54
➢ formation of a new species preceded by geographical isolation of a population from other populations of the same species
Speciation
55
➢ evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to similar environment
➢ produces look-alike features that are notthe result of inheritance from a common ancestor
Evolutionary convergence
56
Types of development
1. Ontogeny (ontogenesis)
2. Phylogeny (Phylogenesis)
3. von Baer’s Law
57
➢ developmental history of an individual
➢ occupies a single lifeline
➢ begins with embryogenesis, includes
postembryonic changes attributable to aging and ends in death
➢primary operants are the genes
Ontogeny (ontogenesis)
58
➢primary operants in ontogeny are ___
genes
59
➢ evolutionary history of a taxon
➢ relates a taxon (related group of organisms that
constitute a taxonomic unit such as family, order, or class) to another taxa in the evolutionary line
➢operant is the establishment of an
evolutionary lineage is speciation
➢requires hundreds of thousands to hundreds of millions of years
Phylogeny or phylogenesis
60
In phylogeny, operant is____
speciation
61
➢ features common to all members of a major
taxonomic group of animals develop earlier in ontogeny than do features that
distinguish subdivisions of the group
von Baer’s Law
62
features that develop
earliest in ontogeny are the oldest phylogenetically, having been inherited
from early common ancestors, and features
that develop later in ontogeny are of more
recent phylogenetic origin
Corollary of the Law
63
describes a change in the timing of ontogenetic events between two taxa
Heterochrony
64
- these can be the result of relatively small genetic
changes that may not even be alterations in DNA sequence, but in the timing of particular genes being expressed during development
heterochrony
65
some individuals of the salamander species
______ delay the metamorphosis
of the skull
Ambystoma talpoideum
66
rom the Greek paed, meaning ___
juvenile
67
morph meaning ___
form
68
- evolutionary process wherein certain larval or immature features of the immediate ancestors become the end product of metamorphosis in the
descendant species
Paedomorphosis
69
-an alternative process to metamorphosis in which adults retain larval traits at the adult stage
Paedomorphosis
70
Paedomorphosis is frequent in _____ and ____, where larvae reach sexual maturity without losing their gills
newts and salamanders
71
- discipline and practice of ordering organisms into hierarchies that reflect their morphological
similarities and phylogenetic history.
Systematics
72
– organisms were placed in groups
based on both an overall similarity and the possession of unique features
Pre-Darwinian
73
-arrange organisms in
historical entities (group based on a common ancestor and all its descendants)
Phylogenetic systematics
74
- process and rules by which we apply names to the groups determined in a systematic analysis
Taxonomy
75
international code provides the rules for _____
binomial
nomenclature
76
- uses a system of hierarchical
groupings (phylum, class, order, family, genus, and
species)
Linnaean taxonomy
77
Genus and species form a _____ of taxonomy
Binomial system
78
Preserved evidence of phylogenetic
background
Fossil morphology
79
- remembered for many scientific
contributions including monographs
on comparative anatomy
T. H. Huxley (1825–1895)
80
- Coupling and compatibility of parts and function they perform
- Certain parts necessarily went
together but others were
mutually
exclusive
GEORGES CUVIER (1769-1832)
81
Harmonized parts for an organism to perform properly
Georges cuvier
82
-Supported the idea
that species were
IMMUTABLE but
emphasized that
HOMOLOGIES should
be further explained
-Proposed ARCHETYPE
Richard Owen
83
– a biological blueprint
or underlying body plan
of organisms
ARCHETYPE
84
- Repeating series of
vertebral units as an
underlying patternof the
vertebrate body or
vertebrate archetype of
the skull, vertebra
Vertebrate Archetype
85
- FORM AND FUNCTION
- Integration of structure and function to animal design
as possible blueprint for new forms
MORPHOLOGY
86
He focuses in structure with function
Georges cuvier
87
Archetypes behind structure
Richard Owen
88
He believe that structural change over time (evolution)
T.H. Huxley
89
3 morphological concepts
1. similarities
2. symmetry
3. segmentation
90
It is known to be similar if it follows the 3 criteria:
ancestry, function, appearance (homology, analogy, homoplasy)
91
– structure built of repeating or
duplicated sections (metamere or segment) and the
process that
divides the body into duplicated sections
Segmentation or metamerism
92
______ recognizes similarities based on
common origin
Homology
93
Homology recognizes similarities based on ____
common origin
94
____ recognizes similarities based
on similar function
analogy
95
Analogy recognizes similarities based
on _____
similar function
96
_____ includes mimicry andcamouflage
for concealing presence or resembling
something unattractive, other than being
homologous or analogous
Homoplasy
97
Homoplasy includes ___ and ____
for concealing presence or resembling
something unattractive, other than being
homologous or analogous
mimicry and camouflage
98
- body laid out equally from central axis
where several planes passing through divides
the animal into equal or mirror halves
Radial
99
- only through the midsagittal plane that
divides the body into left and right mirror images
Bilateral
100
what do you call the duplicates sections of body that undergo segmentation or metamerism
Segment or metamere
101
Each segment is
_____
semiautonomous
102
- the idea of change through time in animals and plants dates back
to ancient schools of Greek philosophy
- Over 2,500 years ago
Evolution
103
He developed ideas about the course of change from fishlike
and scaly animals to land form
Anaximander
104
Anaximander developed ideas about the course of change from fishlike
and scaly animals to ___
land form
105
He saw original creatures come together in oddly assembled
ways—humans with heads of cattle, animals with branches
like trees
He argued that most perished, but only those creatures who
came together in practical ways survived
Empedocles
106
- Swedish biologist who felt that
species were fixed and
unchangeable created originally
as we find them today
Carolus Linnaeus
107
He devised a system for naming
plants and animals, which is still
the basis of modern taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
108
He summed up his beliefs along with his
natural history in a book, The Wisdom
of God Manifested in the Works of the
Creation” (1691)
Reverend John Ray (1627–1705)
109
He believes that species adaptations reflected the care
exercised by the Creator
* diversity of plant and animal species
was proof of God’s almighty power
* tackled the tricky question of why the
Divine made obnoxious creatures
Reverend John Ray
110
- Archdeacon of Carlisle
-He articulated the common
belief of his day in his book
Natural Theology; or
Evidences of the Existence
and Attributes of the Deity
Collected from the
Appearances of Nature
(1802)
William Paley
111
- curator of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard University
Louis Agassiz
112
- found much public support for his
successful work to build and stock a
museum that collected the remarkable
creatures that were this world’s
manifestations of the divine mind
Louis Agassiz
113
- his ideas spoke to the three issues of
evolution—fact, course, and
mechanism.
- Philosophie Zoologique
Jean- Baptiste de Lamarck
114
- species changed
through time
Fact of evolution
115
- a progressive change in species along an
ascending scale, from the lowest on one end to the most
complex and “perfect” (meaning humans) on the other
Course of evolution
116
- need itself produced heritable
evolutionary change
mechanism of evolution
117
- “As environments changed, a need arose,
metabolism adjusted, and new organs were created. Once
acquired, these new characteristics were passed on to
offspring” by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
Evolution by means of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
118
______ involve changes in an organism
that are inherited from one generation to the next
Evolutionary responses
119
mechanism of evolution by means of _____ was unveiled publicly by two persons in 1858, Charles
Darwin and Alfred Wallace
natural selection
120
mechanism of evolution by means of natural selection
was unveiled publicly by two persons in 1858, _____ and ___
Charles
Darwin and Alfred Wallace
121
" There
suddenly flashed upon me the idea of the survival of the fittest. The more I thought over it, the more I became convinced that I had at length found the long-sought-for law of nature that solved the problem of the Origin of Species.”
Alfred Russel Wallace
122
He wrote On the Origin of Species,
published at the end of 1859
According to him, natural selection favored individuals
with superior characteristics
Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
123
