Lesson 30 Grammar

Question 1

How to show a continuing state which is the result of a purposeful action.

Answer 1

Verb ～てある/あります
- Note: が must be used for the object

机の上にメモがおいてあります
- There is a memo on the desk (someone left it).

机の上にメモがおきました
- A memo was placed on the desk

Question 2

How to say an action must be completed before a certain time.

Answer 2

Verb ～ておく/おきます
- In casual speech it becomes とく

旅行の前に、きっぷを買っておきます