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Russia Unit 2 > Lesson 4-How far did the Second and Third Five-Year plan meet Stalin's aims for Russia? > Flashcards

Lesson 4-How far did the Second and Third Five-Year plan meet Stalin's aims for Russia? Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Second FYP?

A

1933-37

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2
Q

What did the Second FYP focus on?

A

Heavy industries
Communications
Electricity
New industries
Consumer goods

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3
Q

When was the Third FYP?

A

1938-41

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4
Q

What did the Third FYP focus on?

A

Heavy industry
Rearmament
Creation of a war economy

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5
Q

What consists of heavy industry?

A

Coal
Iron
Steel
Oil

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6
Q

Define rearmament

A

The act of arming again
Creating weapons ready for war

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7
Q

What is a war economy?

A

contingencies (possibilities) undertaken by the modern state to mobilise its economy for war production

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8
Q

What are incentives?

A

A thing that motivates or encourages one to do something

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9
Q

Define social equality

A

Equality in wealth, education, and status

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10
Q

What are amenities?

A

Useful things

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11
Q

What was the Stakhanovite Movement?

A

A propaganda campaign which appealed to the heroic instincts of Russian workers.
Whilst at the same time, it offered real incentives for workers who exceeded their production targets.

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12
Q

Who was the Stakhanovite movement named after?

A

Alexei Stakhanov

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13
Q

Who was Alexei Stakhanov?

A

A coal miner from the Donbass region.

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14
Q

What did Stakhanov do?

A

Created 14 times the output of a normal miner
Mined 102 tonnes of coal in a 6-hour shift
14x his allotted quota (assigned limit)

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15
Q

When did Stakhanov achieve mining 102 tonnes of coal?

A

31 August 1935

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16
Q

Define productivity.

A

the effectiveness of productive effort

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17
Q

What is worker discipline?

A

Harsh measure to ensure that workers worked hard.

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18
Q

What lessons did the Second and Third FYP’s draw upon?

A

Those from the First FYP

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19
Q

What did the Second and Third FYP make more use of?

A

Technical expertise

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20
Q

From the impressive results from the new industrial centres which started production, which was the one with the most impressive results?

A

Coal production

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21
Q

Name an industry that made progress.

A

Chemical industry

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22
Q

Name an industry which remained disappointing.

A

Oil industry

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23
Q

Why did the Third FYP focus on the defence industry?

A

In light of growing international tension

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24
Q

Which two traditional industrial centres were developed?

A

Moscow and Leningrad

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25
Q

Name an area which was considered a remoter area of the USSR to locate new industry.

A

Kazakhstan

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26
Q

Why were the Ural Mountains chosen to place industry there?

A

The thought was that industry would be safer and away from the attack of the west
All of it was removed one-by-one from one side of the Ural Mountains to the other.

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27
Q

Despite problems during these plans, what did figures released by the Soviet show?

A

There was substantial and considerable progress.

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28
Q

What did Alexander Nove dispute regarding production figures?

A

He said that the production of machinery greatly overfulfilled the plans.
However, there was less success in the production of metal.

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29
Q

Give two examples of where there was rapid growth during these plans.

A

Engineering industry and transportation

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30
Q

In a phrase, how many industries met the over ambitious targets of the First FYP?

A

A few

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31
Q

As a whole, during the plans, what was there enormous growth in?

A

Industrial production

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32
Q

During the period 1928-41, how much was the percentage growth rate?

A

17 %

33
Q

Despite there being a 17% growth rate, what was progress?

A

Unbalanced

34
Q

How much increase was there in the production of steel during the plans?

A

4x greater

35
Q

How much increase was there in the production of coal during the plans?

A

6x greater

36
Q

What project was the most important examples of success?

A

The Dnieper Dam

37
Q

What suffered, declined and was virtually ignored during the First FYP?

A

Consumer industries suffered
Textiles declined
The housing industry was virtually ignored

38
Q

What was the housing industry being virtually ignored made worse by?

A

Collectivisation

39
Q

What did the consequences of focusing on heavy industry prove to be?

A

Far worse

40
Q

In one word, how many advances were there in consumer goods under the Second FYP?

A

Some

41
Q

Name two other factors that made significant increases.

A

Footwear production
Food processing

42
Q

By 1930 what was there starting to be an impact on?

A

Living standards

43
Q

What did the impact on living standards not solve?

A

The problem with the consumer goods shortage

44
Q

What did the Second FYP do to improve agricultural output from collectivisation?

A

More mechanical equipment, such as tractors and combine harvesters, were built.

45
Q

What was built between new centres of industry?

A

Railways and canals

46
Q

Give an example of a canal that was built during the Second FYP.

A

The White Sea Canal

47
Q

How many gulag labourers died in the construction of The White Sea Canal?

A

10,000

48
Q

Despite consumer goods having some attempts to increase its supply, what did they remain during the Second FYP?

A

Low priority

49
Q

Regarding consumer goods, what became nearly impossible to obtain?

A

New boots and shoes

50
Q

What was Stalin interested in building during the Second FYP and why?

A

‘Showpiece’ developments
For propaganda purposes

51
Q

Give an example of a ‘showpiece’ development that Stalin wanted to build.

A

The Moscow Metro

52
Q

What were some key properties of the Moscow Metro?

A

Its chandeliers and marble statues of heroic workers

53
Q

During which of the plans was the Moscow Metro built?

A

Second

54
Q

What happened to the new factories that were built during the first plan?

A

They became fully functioning during the second plan.

55
Q

What did the factories built during the first plan help to do during the second plan?

A

They contributed greatly during the second plan’s success as they greatly increased output in these years.

56
Q

What was introduced to reward those who made greater efforts than others?

A

A system of wages

57
Q

When Stakhanov broke his record for coal mining, how much tonnes had he produced?

A

227 tonnes

58
Q

Why was the Stakhanovite movement created?

A

To reward those who exceeded their quotas

59
Q

In 1998, what did the Soviet newspaper reveal about Stakhanov’s achievements?

A

They were exaggerated

60
Q

Why did priorities change from the Second to the Third plan?

A

A war with Nazi Germany seemed increasingly likely.

61
Q

What did the third plan begin its focus with?

A

Consumer goods
E.g., radios and cars

62
Q

Because Stalin feared that war would break out between Nazi Germany and the USSR, what did the third plan move to being increasingly devoted to?

A

The production of aircraft, tanks and weapons.

63
Q

By 1940, how much of the government’s budget was spent on the USSR’s military?

A

A third

64
Q

When was the Nazi invasion of the USSR?

A

June 1941

65
Q

What did the Nazi invasion of the USSR mean for the third plan?

A

It only lasted three and a half years

66
Q

During the third plan, why did output grow very little in many industries?

A

It was partly due to Stalin’s purges.
Led to imprisonment or execution of many skilled workers

67
Q

Why were internal passports created?

A

To control the movement of people in the USSR

68
Q

What did the internal passports stop workers from doing?

A

Regularly changing their jobs.
Ensured that factories had a stable workforce.

69
Q

Name two factors which limited the achievements of Stalin’s economic policies.

A

Chaotic implementation
Planning

70
Q

How did the rigid approach of command economy lead to failures?

A

Planners in Moscow had little understanding of local conditions of far-flung parts of the Soviet union.

71
Q

What is a command economy?

A

a system in which a central government makes all economic decisions

72
Q

What else did the rigid approach of command economy lead to?

A

Many resources being wasted

73
Q

What actions of the party led to a slowdown of the economy?

A

The removal of managers and technical experts through the purges of 1937

74
Q

Why was the third plan successful?

A

Between 1941-45 Russia proved to be successful in defending themselves against the Nazis
Proved that Stalin’s plan had been successful

75
Q

What type of progress was often achieved?

A

Economic

76
Q

Why were achievements as a result of human cost?

A

There was extensive use of slave labour
Around 10,000 labourers died

77
Q

What did the process of industrialisation lead to?

A

It dislocated large sectors of the population and led to severe deprivation

78
Q

Despite the health and well-being of the workers being severely damaged, what kept them going?

A

The promise of working for a better future

Russia Unit 2 (7 decks)

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