LESSON-5 (2)

Question 1

These are permanent forces acting on a structure, resulting from
the weight of the building materials and structural components like walls, beams,
and floors

Answer 1

Dead Loads

Question 2

Temporary or movable forces, such as people, furniture, and
equipment, that can change in position and intensity

Answer 2

Live Loads

Question 3

These are forces exerted on a structure by wind pressure, varying
with wind speed, direction, and the building’s shape and height.

Answer 3

Wind Loads

Question 4

Forces caused by the movement of the ground during an
earthquake, which can shake or distort a structure.

Answer 4

Seismic Loads

Question 5

The weight imposed on a structure due to accumulated snow,
which varies based on climate and roof design

Answer 5

Snow Loads

Question 6

Additional forces such as floods, temperature
changes (thermal loads), and soil movement that can impact the structure.

Answer 6

Other Environmental Loads

Question 7

Provides guidelines for
combining loads for safety

Answer 7

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE 7):

Question 8

Specifies minimum load combination
requirements

Answer 8

International Building Code (IBC):

Question 9

FACTORS AFFECTING LOAD COMBINATIONS

Answer 9

1. Building Location (Seismic, Wind Zones)
2. Material Used (Concrete, Steel)
3. Building Design (Height, Number of Floors)

Question 10

The geographic location of a building determines its exposure to seismic
activity and wind forces. Buildings in areas prone to earthquakes need to
be designed to withstand seismic loads, while those in regions with high
winds, such as coastal or hurricane-prone areas, require designs that
resist wind loads.

Answer 10

Building Location (Seismic, Wind Zones)

Question 11

The type of material used in construction affects the building’s ability to
handle different loads. Concrete is strong in compression but weaker in
tension, requiring reinforcement (often steel), while steel is flexible and
strong in both tension and compression. Different materials respond
differently to seismic forces and wind loads.

Answer 11

Material Used (Concrete, Steel)

Question 12

Taller buildings and those with more floors experience greater forces due
to wind and seismic activity. The height increases the lateral forces from
wind, while more floors increase the mass of the building, affecting its
response to seismic loads. Therefore, the design must account for how
the structure will distribute and resist these forces.

Answer 12

Building Design (Height, Number of Floors)

Question 13

SOFTWARE FOR LOADCOMBINATIONS

Answer 13

● STAAD.Pro
● ETABS
● SAP2000

Question 14

BASIC LOAD COMBINATIONS

Answer 14

1. Strength Design / LRFD- Load and Resistance Factor Design
2. Service Load Combinations (Allowable Stress Design / ASD)