Lesson 5- Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Question 1

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

Answer 1

-Semirigid, weaker than bone
- Flexible yet resilient due to elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and gel-like ground substance
- avascular (received nutrient supply through diffusion)

Question 2

What are the functions of cartilage?

Answer 2

-supports soft tissues
-articular surfaces for joints
-provide a model for endochondral bone formation

Question 3

What is the structure of cartilage?

Answer 3

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, and perichondrium

Question 4

What are chondroblasts?

Answer 4

cells that produce cartilage matrix

Question 5

What are chondrocytes?

Answer 5

mature cartilage cells that reside in lacunae

Question 6

What is extracellular matrix?

Answer 6

protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground subtance

Question 7

What is perichondrium?

Answer 7

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 8

What is hyaline?

Answer 8

-flexible but resilient
-respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi), costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton

Question 9

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 9

-contains thick collagen fibers
-shock absorber
-intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, articular discs of jaw

Question 10

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 10

-contains elastic fibers
-provides flexibility
-epiglottis and external ear

Question 11

What is bone made of?

Answer 11

osseous connective tissue, bone cells (osteocytes), and bone matrix

Question 12

What are the kinds of bone matrix?

Answer 12

organic component and inorganic component

Question 13

What is organic component in bone?

Answer 13

also called osteoid and contains collagen and other proteins

Question 14

What is inorganic component?

Answer 14

also called hydroxyapatite and contains calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

Question 15

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 15

-support the body (framework)
-protect vital organs
-facilitate movement (attachment site for muscles)
-hematopoiesis (red bone marrow)
-mineral and energy storage (calcium phosphate and yellow bone marrow which is adipose tissue)

Question 16

What are the long bones in the body?

Answer 16

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

Question 17

What are the short bones in the body?

Answer 17

carpals, tarsals

Question 18

What are the flat bones in the body?

Answer 18

skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

Question 19

What are the irregular bones in the body?

Answer 19

vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, ethmoid, sphenoid

Question 20

What are the sesamoid bones in the body?

Answer 20

patella, small bones found in the tendons associated with feet and hands

Question 21

What is the structure of long bones? (pt 1)

Answer 21

1. compact bone (cortical)
2. spongy bone (cancellous)
3. diaphysis
4. epiphysis
5. metaphysis
6. epiphyseal plate or line
7. apophysis (bony outgrowth that serves as an attachment site for ligaments or tendons)
8. articular cartilage

Question 22

What is the structure of long bones? (9-11)

Answer 22

9. medullary cavity (contains yellow marrow in adults and red in children)
10. Endosteum (layer of cells lining the spongy bones and medullary cavity)
11. Periosteum (dense irregular connective tissue connected to bone by perforating fibers)

Question 23

What should you know about blood and nerve supply?

Answer 23

-bone is richly vascularized and innervated
-nutrient blood vessels and nerves enter through nutrient foramina

Question 24

What is the structure of compact/cortical bone?

Answer 24

-lined by periosteum
-composed of osteons

Question 25

What is the structure of spongy/cancellous bone?

Answer 25

-lined by endosteum -composed of trabeculae -often contains red bone marrow

Question 26

What are the different kind of bone cells?

Answer 26

osteocyte (maintains bone tissue) osteoblast (forms bone matrix) osteogenic cell (stem cell) osteoclast (resorbs bone)

Question 27

What is in compact bone?

Answer 27

-osteon -lamellae -central canal -perforating canal -osteocytes in lacunae -canaliculi

Question 28

What is in spongy bone?

Answer 28

trabeculae, lamellae, osteocytes within lacunae, canaliculi, endosteum

Question 29

What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts responsible for?

Answer 29

trabecular remodeling

Question 30

What does trabeculae in spongy bone do?

Answer 30

They undergo remodeling in response to lines of stress to provide strength to the bone

Question 31

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 31

-bone growth within a membrane -forms flat bones of the skull. some facial bones, mandible, and clavicle

Question 32

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 32

-bone growth within cartilage -turns fetal framework of hyaline cartilage into bones -formation of most bones

Question 33

What the kind of bone growth?

Answer 33

Interstitial growth- length (at epyphyseal plates) Appositional growth (width)

Question 34

What is osteomalacia?

Answer 34

-lack of mineralization of bone results in low bone density -caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiency

Question 35

What is osteomalacia in children?

Answer 35

rickets, soft and weak bones, bowed legs

Question 36

What is a disorder of the bone?

Answer 36

osteoporosis

Question 37

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 37

-excessive bone resorption -aged and post-menopause