LESSON 5 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards
1
Q
Different from protein synthesis
A
DNA REPLICATION
2
Q
DNA copies itself on the process of conserving it
A
DNA REPLICATION
3
Q
Replication fork (two strands) is separated by helicase
A
DNA REPLICATION
4
Q
Helicase and isomerase – enzymes absent in PCR
A
DNA REPLICATION
5
Q
photocopy/replication of DNA outside the body (in vitro)
A
PCR
6
Q
Principle is based on the process of DNA replication
A
PCR
7
Q
Number of copies can be as high as 10^9
A
PCR
8
Q
DNA polymerase from humans: happens at 37oC
A
DNA REPLICATION
9
Q
Taq polymerase from thermophilus bacteria: can withstand high temperature (varying from 90 to 72 to 55 oC)
A
PCR
10
Q
Separation of two strands thru helicase
A
DNA REPLICATION
11
Q
Separation of two strands thru heat at 90oC (denaturation)
A
PCR
12
Q
Primers are made in the body
A
DNA REPLICATION
13
Q
Primers are commercially available
A
PCR
14
Q
DNA template is produced by the body
A
DNA REPLICATION
15
Q
DNA template is extracted (ex. RNA from covid is converted to cDNA)
A
PCR
16
Q
Makes similar copies of the same DNA called
A
DNA template
17
Q
– construction worker of daughter strands; builds and adds nucleotides
A
Uses DNA polymerase or Taq polymerase)
18
Q
– acts as bookmarks, markers, or flags to tell which one to copy
A
Primers
19
Q
can be reagents made at manufacturing
A
Primers
20
Q
used for cutting or copying DNA parts
A
Primers
21
Q
Place for DNA polymerase to attach to DNA strand Feature in humans
A
RNA primers
22
Q
Place for DNA polymerase to attach to DNA strand Feature in PCR
A
DNA primers
23
Q
Separates the two strands of DNA Feature in humans
A
Helicase
24
Q
Separates the two strands of DNA Feature in PCR
A
Heat
25
Name of enzyme that elongates new strand of DNA Feature in humans
DNA polymerase
26
Name of enzyme that elongates new strand of DNA Feature in PCR
Taq or other thermophillic DNA polymerase
27
What the primers are made out of (DNA or RNA?) Feature in humans
RNA
28
What the primers are made out of (DNA or RNA?) Feature in PCR
DNA
29
Items that are common in both situations that has not been mentioned
Feature in humans
Feature in PCR
30
A method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific DNA segment
DNA REPLICATION
31
The biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
PCR
32
An in vitro process, which occur inside a test tube
DNA REPLICATION
33
An in vivo process, which occur inside living cells
PCR
34
Main goal is to produce exponential number of copies of a single DNA fragment
DNA REPLICATION
35
Main goal is to copy the whole genome at once
PCR
36
The target is shorter
DNA REPLICATION
37
The target is longer
PCR
38
A discontinuous process, which proceeds through 30-40 cycles
DNA REPLICATION
39
A continuous process
PCR
40
DNA duplex is opened up by the enzyme ATP-dependent helicase
PCR
41
Uses DNA primers
DNA REPLICATION
42
Uses RNA primers synthesized by primase
PCR
43
Uses thermophilic DNA polymerase such as Taq DNA
DNA REPLICATION
44
Uses DNA polymerase
PCR
45
Taq polymerase is not featurerich and also, it has no proofreading ability
DNA REPLICATION
46
DNA polymerase is contained high fidelity, speed, proofreading and repair
PCR
47
No replication fork forms
DNA REPLICATION
48
Replication fork forms
PCR
49
Taq polymerase does not contain the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity
DNA REPLICATION
50
DNA polymerase has the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity to degrade RNA primers
PCR
51
Taq polymerase operates at high temperatures such as 72 °C
DNA REPLICATION
52
DNA polymerase operates at physiological temperature, which is 37 °C
PCR
53
Serves as a simple approach for in vitro DNA synthesis
DNA REPLICATION
54
A complex process, which depends upon a well defined but complex set of enzymes and cofactors
PCR
55
Speed of Synthesis: 1-4 kb/min (faster)
DNA REPLICATION
56
Speed of Synthesis: 1 kb/s
PCR
57
Error Rate: 1 in 9000 bases (less error)
DNA REPLICATION
58
Error Rate: 1 in 100,000 bases
PCR
59
DNA duplex is melted by using heat, which is >90 °C
DNA REPLICATION
60
– template or code and basis; enclosed only in the nucleus
DNA
61
– copying of DNA
Transcription
62
- copying a portion of DNA
Translation
63
Translation end product is
mRNA
64
: tough and can withstand oxidative stress in the cytoplasm unlike DNA
RNA
65
: can go outside the nucleus unlike DNA
mRNA
66
what has been copied will be translated and interpreted to become an amino acid to protein
mRNA
67
can go to the cytoplasm then to the ribosome (factory)
mRNA
68
: area for translation
Ribosome
69
the cellular process by which DNA is copied to RNA
Transcription
70
occurs in the nucleus
Transcription
71
process by which RNA transcripts are turned into proteins and peptides
Translation
72
occurs in the cell cytoplasm
Translation
73
Transcription Three steps:
Initiation: when does it start?
Elongation: how does it extend?
Termination: when does it end?
74
: when does it start?
Initiation
75
: how does it extend?
Elongation
76
: when does it end?
Termination
77
Begins once the promoter gene sequence is detected by the
transcription factors called TATA box
Initiation
78
transcription factors called
TATA box
79
Has thymine and adenine sequences
TATA box
80
Recruits the transcription factors, mediator proteins,
and RNA polymerase
TATA box
81
: add nucleotides and important forcreating mRNA
RNA polymerase
82
A portion of DNA is already transcripted to be an mRNA
Initiation
83
is a DNA sequence that indicates which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins.
TATA box
84
• TATA box + transcription factors (RNA polymerase)=
TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX
85
Site where mRNA will be synthesized
TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX
86
Aka initiation bubble
TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX
87
unwound DNA strand
Elongation
RNA polymerase
88
Add the complementary nucleotides to builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.
Elongation
RNA polymerase
89
Very important for elongation
RNA polymerase
90
Building of mRNA to be ready for interpretation as amino acid
Elongation
91
C
G
92
T
A
93
G
C
94
A
U
95
Two strands of DNA are separated
1) Template strand, 2) Coding strand
Elongation
96
: is template used to make mRNA (5' to 3' strand) (active in transcription)
Template strand (3' to 5')
97
: mRNA Like strand except for the Uracil of course (no role in transcription）- fast
Coding strand (5' to 3')
98
Opposite in replication; requires both lagging strand and
leading strand; only requires template strand
elongation
99
The RNA transcript will undergo processing through the addition of a modified guanine nucleotide called 5' cap or G cap at the 5' end and 50 - 250 adenine nucleotide called poly-A tail at the 3' end.
Termination
100
RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The strand is called a [?]
pre-mRNA strand
101
pre-mRNA must be processed to a
"mature mRNA"
102
Why process pre-mRNA further?
1. Check for [?]
2. Allows the mRNA molecule to be exported to the [?]
3. Additional protection from [?] and gate pass [?]
4. Removes [?]
mistakes or errors
ribosomes
photochemical mutations ; G cap & Poly-A tail
introns (non coding regions)
103
Can go out of the nucleus once checked
mRNA
104
Poly-A tail: many adenine
5’ guanine nucleotide cap
gate pass G cap & Poly-A tail
105
: process of removing introns (light orange)
a. spliceosome
106
: hard bound
G cap & Poly-A tail
107
: blank pages
Introns
108
mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes
mRNA Transcript
109
mRNA enters the ribosome
Translation
110
: pin-like; reads anticodons
transfer RNA (tRNA)
111
: 3 consecutive nucleotides
codons
112
Decoding of mRNA
Translation
113
: instructions in mRNA in groups of 3 nucleotides
Codons
114
a. different codons for aminoacids
61
115
b.: start codon to begin translation
AUG
116
c.: finished polypeptide
Stop codons
117
tRNA reads the mRNA from the 5' to 3' end
Translation
118
tRNA has an anti-codon that binds to matching mRNA through base pairing
Translation
119
tRNAs enter slots/ sites in the ribosome and bind to codons
Translation
120
: mRNA site
small subunit
121
: tRNA site (flashlight-like with anticodons below)
large subunit
122
: accepts the incoming aminoacylated tRNA
1. A site (amino-acyl)
123
aka "landing site"
1. A site (amino-acyl)
124
: holds the tRNA which is linked to the growing polypeptide chain
2. P site (peptidyl)
125
: holds the tRNA before it leaves the ribosome
3. E site (exit)
126
very potent antibiotics
Azithromycin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin
127
principle: stops translation/protein synthesis in bacteria; attacks prokaryotic ribosome
Azithromycin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin
128
Free ribosomes in prokaryotes
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
129
Large ribosomes that facilitate translation in eukaryotes
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
130
Found inside bacteria and archaea
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
131
Small and mass is 27000 kd
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
132
Sedimentation coefficient is 70S
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
133
Diameter is ~200 A
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
134
Made up of 50S and 30S subunits
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
135
Large subunit is made up of two rRNA molecules: 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
136
Made up of 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
137
Occur free in the cytoplasm
PROKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
138
Found in animals, plants, fungi, and other unicellular eukaryotes with a nucleus
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
139
Large and mass is 42000 kd
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
140
Sedimentation coefficient is 80S
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
141
Diameter is ~250-300 A
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
142
Made up of 60S and 40S subunits
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
143
Large subunit is made up of three rRNA molecules: 28S rRNA, 5.35 rRNA, & 5S rRNA
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
144
Made up of 40% rRNA and 60% ribosomal proteins
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
145
Most are attached to the outer surface of nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
EUKARYOTIC RIBOSOMES
146
Amikacin
Aminoglycosides
147
Dibekacin
Aminoglycosides
148
Gentamicin
Aminoglycosides
149
Kanamycin
Aminoglycosides
150
Neomycins
Aminoglycosides
151
Streptomycin
Aminoglycosides
152
Tobramycin
Aminoglycosides
153
Chloramphenicol
Amphenicols
154
Thiamphenicol
Amphenicols
155
Azithromycin
Macrolides
156
Carbomycin A
Macrolides
157
Clarithromycin
Macrolides
158
Erythromycin
Macrolides
159
Eperezolid
Oxazolidinones
160
Linezolid
Oxazolidinones
161
Posizolid
Oxazolidinones
162
Radezolid
Oxazolidinones
163
Sutezolid
Oxazolidinones
164
Pristinamycin
Streptogramins
165
Quinupristin
Streptogramins
166
dalfopristin
Streptogramins
167
Virginiamycin
Streptogramins
168
Doxycycline
Tetracyclines
169
Chlortetracycline
Tetracyclines
170
Lymecycline
Tetracyclines
171
Meclocycline
Tetracyclines
172
Minocycline
Tetracyclines
173
Peptide elongation at the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit
Aminoglycosides
174
Protein elongation by overlapping with the binding site at the A-site of 50S ribosomal subunit
Amphenicols
175
Peptide-bond formation and ribosomal translocation
Macrolides
176
Peptide-bond formation by blocking tRNA binding at the A-site of 50S ribosome
Oxazolidinones
177
Protein elongation at the A- and P-sites of 50S ribosome
Streptogramins
178
Polypeptide synthesis by sterically blocking the recruitment of the aminoacyl-tRNA at the A-site of the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit
Tetracyclines
179
Kidney injury
Aminoglycosides
180
vestibular
Aminoglycosides
181
Aplastic anemia
Amphenicols
182
bone marrow suppression
Amphenicols
183
neurotoxicity
Amphenicols
184
Myopathy
Macrolides
185
QT prolongation nausea
Macrolides
186
Nausea
Oxazolidinones
Streptogramins
187
bone marrow suppression
Oxazolidinones
188
lactic acidosis
Oxazolidinones
189
myalgia
Streptogramins
190
arthralgia
Streptogramins
191
Phototoxicity
Tetracyclines
192
secondary intracranial hypertension
Tetracyclines
193
teeth discoloration, steatosis
Tetracyclines
194
liver toxicity
Tetracyclines
195
TAC
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
AUG
UAC
MET
196
TGA
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
ACU
UGA
THR
197
TCG
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
AGC
UCG
SER
198
ACC
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
UGG
ACC
TRP
199
TTC
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
AAG
UUC
LYS
200
GAT]
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
CUA
GAU
LEU
201
TAG
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
AUC
UAG
ILE
202
ATG
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
UAC
AUG
TYR
203
AGG
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
204
CGT
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
205
CTG
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
206
AAG
TRANSCRIPTION (mRNA):
TRANSLATION (tRNA):
Amino acid:
