Lesson 8 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
It is the invasion of an organisms body tissue by disease causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissue to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce
A
Infection
2
Q
Infectious disease is also known as ___________ or ___________ .
Which is an illness resulting from infection
A
Transmissible or communicable diseases
3
Q
Symptomatic infections are ________ or _________
A
Apparent or clinical
4
Q
An infection that is active but that does not produce noticable symptoms may be called ________,_________,__________, or _________
A
Inapparent,silent, subclinical or occult
5
Q
An infection that is inactive or dormant
A
Latent infection
6
Q
A short term infection is also called as a
A
Acute infection
7
Q
A long term infection is called a
A
Chronic infection
8
Q
Infections can be further classified by causative agents (4)
And by the presence of __________
A
1.Bacterial
2.Viral
3.Fungal
4.Parasitic
Systemic symptoms (sepsis)
9
Q
Among the varieties of microorganisms ___________ cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals
A
relatively few
10
Q
However the host’s ______________ can also cause damage to the host itself in the attempt to control the infection
A
Immune system
11
Q
These pathogens cause disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host and the severity of the disease they cause is in part of their necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread
A
Primary pathogens
12
Q
Most common primary pathogens of humans only infect __________
A
Humans
13
Q
Many serious diseases are caused by organisms acquired from the _________ or that infect ____________
A
Environment
Non human hosts
14
Q
____________ may be caused by microbes ordinarily in contact with the host such as pathogenic bacteria or fungi in the GI tract or the upper respiratory tract.
A
Opportunistic infection
15
Q
These pathogens that cause infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance or if they have unusual access to the inside of the body
A
Opportunistic pathogen
16
Q
Is an infection that is or can practically be viewed as the root cause of the current health problem
A
Primary infection
17
Q
This infection is a sequela or complication of a root cause
A
Secondary infection
18
Q
Occurs when the agent leaves it’s reservoir or host through a portal of exit
A
Transmission
19
Q
The Traditional epidemiologic triad model states that infectious disease is a result from the interaction of the ________,_______ and ________
A
Agent
Host
Environment
19
Q
__________________ are viewed as secondary infections
A
Opportunistic pathogens
20
Q
After the agent leaves the portal of exit it is conveyed by some
______________
A
Mode of transmission
21
Q
The agent enters through an appropriate ____________ to infect a __________
A
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
22
Q
Agent—-> reorvoir —-> portal of exit —–> mode of transmission ——> portal of entry ——> susceptible host
This sequence is called as the
A
Chain of infection
23
Q
Is the habitat In which the agent normally lives, grows multiply
A
Reservoir
24
Reservoirs include (3)
Humans
Animals
Environment
25
Many common infectious diseases have ______ reservoirs
Human
26
Diseases that are transmitted person to person include without intermediaries include
STDs
Measles
Mumps
Streptococcal infection
Respiratory pathogens
27
What was the only reservoir for the smallpox virus
Human reservoir
28
Humans are also subject to disease that have __________.
Many of these disease are transmitted animal to animal with humans being incidental hosts
animal reservoirs
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This refers to an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrae animals to humans
Zoonosis
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Zoonotic disease in cows and pigs
Brucellosis
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Zoonotic disease in sheep
Anthrax
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Zoonotic disease in rodents
Plague (black death)
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Zoonotic disease in swine
Trichinosis
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Zoonotic disease in rabbits
Tularemia
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Zoonotic disease in bats, racoons, dogs, and other mammals
Rabies
36
This reservoir includes plant, soil and water
Environmental reservoir
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Many fungal agents such as those that cause ___________ live and multiply in soil
Histoplasmosis
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Outbreaks of ___________ are often traced to water supplies in cooling towers and evaporative condensers
Legionnaires disease
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Is the paths by which a pathogen leaves it's host
Portal of exit
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An infectious agent may be transmitted from its natural reservoir to a susceptible host through many ways called
Modes of transmission
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2 classifications of modes of transmission
Direct
Indirect
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2 classifications of direct transmission
Direct contact
Droplet spread
43
3 classifications of indirect transmission
Airborne
Vehicle borne
Vector borne (mechanical biologic)
44
An infectious agent is transmitted from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread
Direct transmission
45
Causative agent for Legionnaires disease
Legionella pneumophila
46
Occurs to skin through skin-skin contact, kissing or sexual intercourse.
Direct contact
47
Refers to spray of relatively large short ranged aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking
Droplet spread
48
An infectious agent is transmitted from a reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects, or animate intermediaries
Indirect transmission
49
Occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in the air
Airborne transmission
50
Droplet nuclei are dried residue of less than _________ in size
5 microns
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_______ that may indirectly transmit infectious agent includes food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites.
Vehicles
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_______ such as mosquitoes, fleas and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the environment.
Vectors
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Refers to the manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host
Portal of entry
54
The final link in the chain of infection is a
Susceptible host
55
Susceptibility of a host depends on ___________ or ___________,_________ and ___________
Genetic or constitutional factors
Specific immunity, nonspecific Factors
56
An individuals genetic makeup may ________ or _________ susceptibility
Increase or decrease
57
Nonspecific Factors that defend against infection include _______,_________,________,________,________ and _________(6)
Skin
Mucous membrane
Gastric acidity
Cilia
Cough reflex
Nonspecific immune response
58
For some disease the most appropriate interventions are directed at controlling or eliminating the ____________
agent at its source Ex (antibiotics)
59
Some interventions are directed at the Mode of transmission
Isolation of someone with infection
60
Interventions of portals of entry examples
Bed nets
Gloves
Masks
61
Some interventions aim to increase the host's defense like
Vaccination
62
Interventions that prevent pathogens from infecting susceptible host example
Herd immunity
63
This Can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage onto the host
Disease
64
Occurs when the body fails to clear the organism after the initial infection
Persistent infection
65
Persistent infection causes __________ of death globally each year
Millions
66
_____________ by parasites account for high morbidity and mortality in many underdeveloped countries
Chronic infections
67
The proportion of exposed persons who become infected
Infectivity
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Refers to the proportion of Infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
Pathogenicity
69
Refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or lethal
Virulence
70
Is any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen
Infectious disease
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Diseases that are capable of being spread from person to person through either direct or indirect mechanisms
Communicable diseases
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Diseases that are contracted as a result of a medical procedure is known as
Iatrogenic diseases
73
Diseases acquired in a hospital setting is known as
nosocomial disease
74
Certain infectious diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans are called
Zoonotic diseases or zoonosis
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An infectious disease that is not spread from person to person is called
Noncommunicable infectious disease
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The five periods of disease
Incubation
Prodromal
Illness
Decline
Convalescence
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Occurs in an acute disease after the initial entry of the pathogen into the host. It is at this time where the pathogen begins to multiply but their numbers are insufficient to activate an immune response and feel any symptoms
Incubation period
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During this period the pathogen continues to multiply and the host experiences general signs and symptoms of illness which typically results from activation of the immune system
Prodromal period
80
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In this period the signs and symptoms of the disease are most obvious and severe
Period of illness
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In this period the number of pathogen particles start to decrease and signs of symptoms of disease begin to decline
Period of decline
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During this period the body returns to normal function but some disease may permanently hurt the body which it cannot permanently repair the problem
Period of Convalescence
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All Infectious diseases can only be contagious in the period of disease because this is the time where symptoms are clear and severe (true or false)
False
They can be contagious in all five stages
85
Pathologic changes occur over a relatively short time
Acute disease
86
Pathologic changes occur over longer time spans
Chronic disease
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The casual pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication
Latent diseases
88
Antimicrobial substances used to prevent transmission of infection
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Antibiotics
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The immune systems response to microorganisms often causes symptoms like ________ and __________ which has a potential to be more detestating than the microbe
High fever
Inflammation
90
Refers to the resistance to Infection
Immunity
91
Is a disease that spreads from person to person through a variety of ways
Communicable diseases
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This communicable diseases is very common, people all over the world have 16 billion cases of this disease each year
Common cold
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It is another very communicable which is spread by any contact which is caused by rotavirus and norovirus.
Symptoms can last from a few days to about 10 days
Gastroenteritis
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Prevention techniques (3) that prevent diseases from being passed on from person to person
Hand washing
Wearing gowns
Facemasks
95
Is a form of conjunctivitis caused by the bacteria or virus. The virus which is responsible for causing the common cold is also responsible for spreading this disease. Bacterial cause is streptococcus or staphylococcus
Pink eye
96
It is a sexually transmitted communicable disease which is caused by bacteria
Gonorrhea
97
It is a viral infection of the liver which causes life threatening outcomes which has three types.
Which type is the most prevalent and dominant
Hepatitis
Hepatitis B
98
It is a highly communicable disease which causes infection in all ages, the common symptoms are runny nose, fever, cough and respiratory infection
Whooping cough
99
Is found in bodily fluids like semen, vaginal fluid and blood of the infected person. It is transmitted through unprotected sex and contaminated needles
HIV/AIDS
100
Fever, constant coughing and sneezing, sore throat, runny nose, the body aches and becomes restless, fatigue and low feeling
Influenza
101
Fever,fatigue,vesicles on the body and itchiness
Chickenpox
102
Pain in abdomen, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever and tiredness
Gastroenteritis
103
Red, itchy, teary eyes with secretions from the eye that are not normal
Acute conjunctivitis (pink eye)
104
Symptoms are headache, fever
Flu
105
Sore throat, coughing, sneezing, blocked nose
Common cold
106
Red colored ring shaped scaly rashes which are itchy and spread more when you rub it
Ring worm
107
Fever, headache, loss of appetite, nausea, weakness
Hepatitis A
108
Fever swelling and tenderness of salivary glands
Mumps
109
Irritating cough which turns to violent cough
Whooping cough
110
Generally __________ are non communicable diseases
Chronic diseases
111
Communicable Chronic diseases that are fatal and life threatening (4)
AIDS
Hepatitis B
Herpes simplex
Cytomegalovirus
112
Is a communicable disease which is caused by a virus and spreads through bodily fluids and can also spread from pregnant mother to child which has very severe effects that lead to impaired hearing mental retardation or visual impairment
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
113
Is another severe illness that is connected to liver cancer the symptoms are fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, joint pains and jaundice which is transmitted through blood, parent to offspring and sexual contact through a medium
Hepatitis B
114
Is highly dangerous and can destroy a person's immune system, due to this the body loses the capacity to fight and is more susceptible to other diseases
HIV virus of AIDS
115
When infection attacks the body _____________ can suppress the infection
Anti infective drug's
116
Some communicable diseases can be prevented by a
Vaccine
117
The word vaccine comes from the Latin word __________ (cowpox)
Vaccinia
118
The first vaccine was developed by
Edward Jenner 18th century
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120
In _______ Edward Jenner used cowpox to make people immune to smallpox
1796
121
When was the last naturally occurring smallpox case in a human
1977
122
What year did the world eradicate smallpox
1980
123
Refers to the practice of giving anti-infective drugs to prevent occurrence of disease in individuals who are likely to be exposed to an infectious disease
Chemoprophylaxis
124
Are compounds that are produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit growth of other microorganisms
Antibiotics
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Antibiotic that kills bacteria
Bactericidal
127
Antibiotic that prevent multiplication
Bacteriostatic
128
100 years after Edward Jenner's vaccine _____________ developed a vaccine for rabies
Louis pasteur
129
Antibiotics that are effective on a limited number of microorganisms
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
130
Antibiotics that are effective on most microorganisms
Broad spectrum antibiotics
131
The likelihood of antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms increases if __________________________________
Antibiotics are used indiscriminately and in large amounts
132
Infectious diseases results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the ______________
Defenses of the host they infect
133
What are the 4 types of carriers
Asymptomatic carriers
Incubatory carriers
Convalescencet carriers
Chronic carriers
134
Infected but never show symptoms
Asymptomatic carriers
135
Spreads disease before symptoms appear
Incubatory carriers
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Recovered but still infectious
Convalescencet carriers
137
Carry pathogens long term
Chronic Carriers
