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Lesson 8: SDN (Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the three perspectives of the SDN landscape.

A
  1. A plane-oriented view
  2. The SDN layers
  3. A system design perspective
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2
Q

What is the role of the SDN infrastructure layer?

A
  • Consists of forwarding elements like switches and routers
  • Logic is handled by a centralized controller
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3
Q

What is the main function of southbound interfaces?

A

Act as a bridge between control and data planes, enabling separation of forwarding and control logic

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4
Q

What is the most popular southbound interface in SDNs?

A

OpenFlow

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5
Q

What are examples of other southbound APIs besides OpenFlow?

A
  • ForCES
  • OVSDB
  • POF
  • OpFlex
  • OpenStack
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6
Q

What is the goal of network virtualization in SDN?

A

Support arbitrary topologies and addressing schemes with global configuration abstraction

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7
Q

What are examples of SDN network virtualization technologies?

A
  • VxLAN
  • NVGRE
  • FlowVisor
  • FlowN
  • NVP
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8
Q

What does a network operating system (NOS) do in SDN?

A

Provides abstractions and APIs to simplify development of network protocols and applications

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9
Q

What are some examples of SDN network operating systems?

A
  • OpenDayLight
  • OpenContrail
  • Onix
  • Beacon
  • HP VAN SDN
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10
Q

What is the status of northbound interface standardization?

A

It remains an open problem with no universal standard yet

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11
Q

What are popular northbound interface tools?

A
  • Floodlight
  • Trema
  • NOX
  • Onix
  • SFNet
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12
Q

What is the purpose of language-based virtualization in SDN?

A

To provide modularity and abstraction for viewing physical devices in different ways

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13
Q

What are some programming languages that support language-based virtualization?

A
  • Pyretic
  • libNetVirt
  • AutoSlice
  • RadioVisor
  • OpenVirteX
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14
Q

Why are high-level network programming languages preferred in SDN?

A

They enable modular, reusable, abstract, and error-resistant development

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15
Q

What are some examples of high-level SDN programming languages?

A
  • Pyretic
  • Frenetic
  • Merlin
  • Nettle
  • Procera
  • FML
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16
Q

What is the role of network applications in SDN?

A

Implement control plane logic and manage data plane behavior

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17
Q

Give examples of SDN network applications.

A
  • Routing
  • Load balancing
  • QoS enforcement
  • Security
  • Mobility
  • Virtualization
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18
Q

Describe the structure of an OpenFlow pipeline.

A

A sequence of flow tables where each entry has a match rule, actions, and counters

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19
Q

What actions can be performed by OpenFlow on a packet?

A
  • Forward
  • Encapsulate and send to controller
  • Drop
  • Send to next flow table
  • Send to normal processing
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20
Q

What are the three information sources OpenFlow provides to the controller?

A
  1. Event-based messages
  2. Flow statistics
  3. Packet messages for unknown flows
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21
Q

What are the core functions of an SDN controller?

A
  • Topology discovery
  • Statistics
  • Notifications
  • Device management
  • Shortest path forwarding
  • Security
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22
Q

What is a drawback of centralized SDN controllers?

A

Single point of failure and limited scalability

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23
Q

What are examples of centralized SDN controllers?

A
  • Maestro
  • Beacon
  • NOX-MT
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24
Q

What are the advantages of distributed SDN controllers?

A

Scalability and fault tolerance

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25
How can distributed SDN controllers be structured?
* Centralized clusters * Physically distributed nodes
26
When is a distributed controller preferred over a centralized one?
When scalability and fault tolerance are required
27
How does ONOS provide fault tolerance?
- Redistributes workload - Holds elections for new masters - Ensures each switch has a master
28
What is P4?
A high-level language to program packet processing in switches, working with SDN control protocols
29
What are the goals of P4?
* Reconfigurability * Protocol independence * Target independence
30
What are the two main operations in P4?
1. Configure (program parser and pipeline stages) 1. Populate (add/delete table entries)
31
What is traffic engineering in SDN?
Optimizing traffic flow to minimize power use, balance load, and scale efficiently
32
What are examples of SDN traffic engineering apps?
* ElasticTree * Plug-n-Serve * Aster*x * ALTO VPN
33
How does SDN support wireless and mobility?
Enables virtual access points, dynamic spectrum use, and seamless client mobility
34
What are examples of SDN wireless frameworks?
* OpenRadio * Odin * LVAPs
35
What are SDN applications in measurement and monitoring?
* Enhanced measurement tools * Reducing control plane load * Flexible sampling * Estimation
36
What are examples of SDN monitoring tools?
* OpenSketch * OpenSample * PayLess * BISmark
37
How does SDN improve network security?
* Enforces policies at entry points * Detects anomalies * Mitigates DDoS * Randomizes IPs
38
What are examples of SDN security tools?
* OF-RHM * CloudWatcher * FortNOX * FlowNAC
39
How can SDN help data centers?
* Enables live migration * Real-time monitoring * Dynamic reconfiguration * Anomaly detection
40
What are SDN data center applications?
* LIME (live migration) * FlowDiff (anomaly detection)
41
What are limitations of BGP addressed by SDN?
* Routing only on destination prefix * Limited control over end-to-end paths
42
What is the purpose of SDX?
Bring SDN programmability to Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
43
How does SDX architecture work?
* Each AS gets a virtual switch, defines its own forwarding policies * SDX composes a global policy
44
What language does SDX use for writing forwarding policies?
Pyretic
45
What is application-specific peering in SDX?
Routing traffic based on applications like YouTube or Netflix using custom rules
46
How does SDX enable inbound traffic engineering?
Uses rules based on source IP/port to control incoming traffic paths
47
How can SDX improve wide-area server load balancing?
Modifies packet headers to route requests dynamically without relying on DNS
48
How does SDX improve middlebox redirection?
Allows selective, policy-driven redirection through sequences of middleboxes
49
True or False: An OpenFlow switch can function as a router.
True
50
Which plane executes a network policy?
Data Plane
51
Which type of network can implement load balancing?
Both conventional and software defined networks
52
Which type of network decouples the control and data planes?
Software-defined networks
53
True or False: Middleboxes can only be used in conventional networks.
False
54
What can be implemented as a network application in software-defined networking?
* Routing * Security enforcement * Quality of Service (QoS) enforcement
55
True or False: The networking operating system (NOS) is a part of the data plane.
False
56
True or False: The physical devices in an SDN network have embedded intelligence and control required to perform forwarding tasks.
False
57
True or False: When a packet arrives in an OpenFlow device and it does not match any of the rules in one of the tables, that packet is always dropped.
False
58
True or False: The Southbound interfaces are the separating medium between the Network-control Applications and the Control plane functionality.
False
59
True or False: OpenFlow enables the communication between the control plane and data plane through event-based messages, flow statistics and packet messages that are sent from forwarding devices to controller.
True
60
True or False: One of the disadvantages of an SDN centralized controller architecture is that it can introduce a single point of failure and also scaling issues.
True
61
True or False: A distributed controller can be a centralized cluster of nodes or a physically distributed set of elements.
True
62
True or False: A distributed controller can only be used in large networks.
False
63
True or False: ONOS is an example of a centralized controller platform.
False
64
True or False: In order to make forwarding and policy decisions in ONOS, applications get information from the view and then update these decisions back to the view.
True
65
True or False: In order to achieve fault tolerance, whenever there is a failure of an ONOS instance, a master is chosen randomly for each of the switches that were controller by the failed instance.
False
66
True or False: The purpose of the creation of the P4 language was to offer programmability on the control plane.
False
67
True or False: P4 acts as an interface between the switches and the controller, and its main goal is to allow the controller to define how the switches operate.
True
68
True or False: The P4 model allows the design of a common language to write packet processing programs that are independent of the underlying devices.
True
69
True or False: In an SDX architecture, each AS can define forwarding policies as if it is the only participant at the SDX, as well as having its own SDN applications for dropping, modifying or forwarding their traffic.
True

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