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BIOL 203 > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

how many liters of water does an adult body contain ?

A

40 L

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2
Q

what percentage of water found inside of cells ?

A

2/3

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3
Q

muscle cells and epithelial cells contain what % water ?

A

70-80%

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4
Q

fat cells and bone cells contain what % water

A

20% or less

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5
Q

the water that is not inside of cells is outside of cells (extracellular fluid). what does it contribute to?

A

cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

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6
Q

what does the extracellular fluid include ? (7)

A

lymph, blood, sweat, tears, gastric juices, spinal fluid, fluid between joints

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7
Q

where does water move towards ?

A

the highest concentration of SOLUTES

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8
Q

what is osmosis ?

A

mvmt of water across a membrane towards the side with a larger concentration of solutes

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9
Q

what is a selectively permeable membrane going to do w the same amount of solute on both sides ?

A

if both sides are with equal amount of solute, the tendency for water to move in either direction is the same

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10
Q

what is a selectively permeable membrane going to do if there is a bit more solute on side B - where will the solute flow?

A

the solute cannot flow across the divider (membrane)

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11
Q

what is a selectively permeable membrane going to do if there is a lot more solute on side B - what will happen to the water ?

A

although solute cannot flow across the divider, water can, so the volume of water becomes greater on side B in order for the concentration on side A and B to be equal

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12
Q

what are electrolytes ?

A

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into ions

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13
Q

what is the role of electrolytes ?

A

help to control the volume of water within the fluid compartments

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14
Q

what are cations ?

A

positively charged ions

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15
Q

what are anions ?

A

negatively charged ions

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16
Q

what percentage of blood plasma is water ?

A

92% of blood plasma is water

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17
Q

what is metabolic water ?

A

water that is the byproduct of energy metabolism

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18
Q

how much water is produced by sedentary people

A

300 mL/day

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19
Q

how much water is produced by active people

A

500 mL/day

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20
Q

how does water regulate body temp

A

sweat which evaporates and cools skin and blood at skin surface

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21
Q

what needs to happen for water to be pulled up to the surface ?

A

water molecules at surface must evaporate

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22
Q

what are the 3 factors in % of water in body

A

age, sex, body composition

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23
Q

how does age affect % body water

A

newborn 75% water

elderly 45% water

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24
Q

why does sex and body composition affect % water in body

A

males have less fat, therefore more muscle tissue and more water

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25
how much % water in fat
20%
26
how much % water in muscle
75%
27
everytime the heart contracts, how much blood output goes to the kidneys directly ? why?
21% to compensate for water losses
28
what is cardiac output ?
volume of blood pumped into circulation / minute
29
what does urine travel to the bladder through ?
ureter
30
how much urine produced per minute
1 mL
31
what is the relationship between BP and blood volume
increasing blood volume increases BP
32
kidneys are controlled by which two hormones from which two glands ?
ADH (posterior pituitary) | aldosterone (adrenal gland)
33
what does ADH do ?
retains water | therefore retains sodium and excretes potassium
34
what does aldosterone do?
retains sodium | therefore retains water and excretes potassium
35
what is the main effect of both ADH and aldosterone ?
increase BP and blood volume
36
what are three dietary mineral ways to manage BP
increase potassium and magnesium intake | reduce salt intake
37
what are DASH diets ?
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
38
what can treat dehydration ?
water intake | in some cases electrolytes
39
what is hyponatremia ?
low sodium in blood
40
what are three symptoms of hyponatremia ?
severe headache, confusion, seizures
41
what is water intoxication ?
body water contents too high in all body fluid compartments | it can cause hyponatremia
42
what happen to water flow in hyponatremia ?
water leaves interstitial fluid and goes into cells
43
what is the drug that may cause hyponatremia ?
MDMA bc it causes dehydration and ppl may drink a lot
44
what is the UL for water
none
45
what is metabolism
the sum total of all the chemical reactions on in living cells
46
what reactions require energy ?
anabolic
47
what are anabolic reactions ? (3)
glycogen production, TG production, | protein production
48
what is the most energetically expensive organ ? why?
kidneys | need 5 cups of blood per minute to make urine
49
what is the main role of kidneys ?
convert inactive vitamin D into the active form
50
what is the energy currency of the cell ?
ATP
51
what are 3 examples of catabolic reactions ?
glycolysis, protein and TG breakdown
52
where are gases and nutrients and waste exhanged between cells and the blood
capillaries
53
rank the amount of mitochondria per cell in fat, muscle, and liver
muscle> liver> fat
54
what happens with the chemical energy in the C-H bonds of glucose ?
ATP 40% | heat lost 60%
55
how is the Na+/K+ pump activated by ATP?
it is phosphorylated, and ATP becomes ADP
56
food gives mitochondria fuel to make ATP: true or false
true
57
how many kcal/day does the liver require
380
58
which fat does the liver make ?
VLDL and cholesterol
59
which vitamins is the liver responsible for
vit A and D
60
what is the AMDR fat
20-35%
61
what is the AMDR protein
10-35%
62
what is the AMDR CHO
45-65%
63
what are the three ways the energy is used in our body ?
thermic effect of food physical activity basal metabolism
64
what is the % of our diet that goes to basal metabolism ?
50-65%
65
what is basal metabolism ?
the energy needed to maintain life when body is at rest
66
how is basal metabolic rate measured ?
fasting and resting 12 hrs
67
what does basal metabolic rate not include ?
energy spend for physical activity, food digestion, absorption of nutrients
68
rank the following by BMR from high to low : liver, muscle, heart, kidney, brain
``` liver brain muscle kidney heart ```
69
what is the thermic effect of food ?
estimation of energy required to process food (digestion, absorption, transport, metabolization)
70
what is the least expensive PA?
running
71
can running help cognitive function ?
yes
72
what are the 5 factors that influence BMR?
``` body composition (the higher the muscle/fat ratio, the higher the BMR) sex (men>women) BSA (taller people >) age (growing kids >>) genes ```
73
describe the sweat gland maturation ?
sweat glands are non function when born | mature over first year
74
who will have more sweat glands : someone in hot or cold environment ?
hot
75
when does BMR setting start ?
in fetus
76
what is the connection between birth weight and risk of disease ? why
low birth weight means higher risk of disease, since in utero these fetuses lowered their BMR to conserve energy
77
what is thrifty gene theory?
low birth weight means higher risk of disease, since in utero these fetuses lowered their BMR to conserve energy and then they predict an environment of food scarcity
78
what is epigenetics ?
the study of how environment (like nutrients) can affect gene expression
79
what are nutrigenomics ?
study how food can affect gene expression
80
what are nutrigenetics ?
study how genes influence how nutrients are metabolized

BIOL 203 (11 decks)

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