Lesson Eight

Question 1

Digestion

Answer 1

Includes both physical and chemical processes that reduce food to small soluble molecules that can be absorbed

Question 2

Certain substances that can be absorbed

Answer 2

• amino acids of proteins
• sugars of carbohydrates
• glycerol and fatty acids of fats
• some minerals and water

Question 3

Oral cavity

Answer 3

Storage place for food while it’s being chewed, where saliva mixes with food

Question 4

Salivary glands

Answer 4

Produce saliva for moistening and chemically digesting food. Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase which begins the chemical digestion of starch to maltose

Question 5

Pharynx

Answer 5

Where oral and nasal cavities join, this is where swallowing occurs

Question 6

Epiglottis

Answer 6

Flap of tissue, which closes off the trachea, keeping food from entering the air passage

Question 7

Esophagus

Answer 7

Tube leading from pharynx to stomach.

Question 8

Swallowing

Answer 8

Reflex action normally performed automatically. Food enters esophagus because air passages are blocked. The opening to the nose is covered by the soft palate. No breathing occurs or choking may occur

Question 9

Peristalsis

Answer 9

Rhythmical contraction of the esophageal wall pushing food along. Also occurs along the intestinal tract. Smooth muscle cause contraction.

Question 10

Cardiac (esophageal) sphincter

Answer 10

Band of muscle that closes off top part of stomach

Question 11

Stomach

Answer 11

Stores and churns food to chemically and physically digest it. Chemical digestion of proteins begins here

Question 12

Gastrin

Answer 12

Hormone produced by lower part of the stomach which enters blood stream to later stimulate gastric glands to produce pepsinogen and HCl. They react together and produces pepsin. Pepsin digests proteins to peptides

Question 13

How does the gut protect itself from HCl and what is it called if it does fail itself?

Answer 13

It produces a mucous layer. If a portion of the gut is burned it is an ulcer.

Question 14

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 14

Band of muscle which closes off the lower part of the stomach and only allows small amounts of chyme to enter the small intestine

Question 15

Duodenum

Answer 15

First 10 inches of small intestine. Enzymes from both the pancreas and the small intestine digest all 3 food groups here. Bile also is secreted in the small intestine to emulsify fat

Question 16

Pancreas

Answer 16

Produces enzymes and sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate neutralized the acidic chyme to bring it to a pH if 8.5)

Question 17

Gall bladder

Answer 17

Stores bile which is secreted into small intestine

Question 18

Liver

Answer 18

Produces bile to emulsify fats which is then stored in the gall bladder

Question 19

Small intestine

Answer 19

Final digestion and absorption of nutrients through the villi

Question 20

The duodenal wall produces….

Answer 20

Secretin and CCK (cholocytokinin) in response to the prescience or acidic chyme

Question 21

What does secretin do?

Answer 21

Stimulates the releases of pancreatic juices from the pancreas. Also stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder

Question 22

Small intestine is how long?

Answer 22

7m- first 10” are the duodenum

Question 23

Duodenum has what secreted into it?

Answer 23

Sodium bicarbonate
Pancreatic amylase
Trypsin
Lupase

Question 24

Small intestine enzymes

Answer 24

Peptidase

Maltose

Question 25

Main function of the small intestine

Answer 25

Absorption of nutrient molecules (AA, glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol). Other disaccharides are digested in small intestine by their own enzymes (lactase aids in lactose digestion)

Question 26

What makes the small intestine good for absorption?

Answer 26

Convoluted walls, and has vili (which have microvili)

Question 27

Within each villus are

Answer 27

Blood vessels, and small lymph vessels called a lacteal which absorbs fluids and returns it to the veins later on.

Question 28

Absorption occurs across the walls of each Villus by....

Answer 28

Active transport: glucose and amino acids enter the blood vessels and travel to the liver. Glycerol and fatty acids enter the lacteals

Question 29

Appendix

Answer 29

Found at junction of small intestine and large intestine. Unknown function.

Question 30

Large intestine

Answer 30

Absorption of water from undigested food, contains e.coli. E.coli produce some essential substances for the body. E.coli helps metabolize what we cannot.

Question 31

Rectum

Answer 31

Enlarged portion of colon where undigested food it stored temporarily

Question 32

Anal sphincter (anus)

Answer 32

Bands of muscle which allow undigested wastes to exit the body

Question 33

Salivary amylase

Answer 33

Made in Salivary glands, acts in mouth, 7, acts upon starch to produce maltose

Question 34

Pepsin

Answer 34

Made in stomach, acts in stomach, 3.5, acts upon proteins to produce peptides

Question 35

Pancreatic amylase

Answer 35

Made in pancreas, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon starch produces maltose

Question 36

Trypsin

Answer 36

Made in pancreas, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon proteins, produces peptides

Question 37

Lipase

Answer 37

Produces in pancreas, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon fat droplets, produces glycerol and fatty acids

Question 38

Nuclease

Answer 38

Produced in pancreas and small intestine, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon nucleic acids (DNA RNA) to produce nucleotides

Question 39

Peptidases

Answer 39

Produced in small intestine, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon peptides, produces amino acids

Question 40

Maltase

Answer 40

Produced in small intestine, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon maltose, to produce glucose

Question 41

Nucleosidases

Answer 41

Produced in small intestine, acts in small intestine, 7.5, acts upon nucleotides, produces base, sugar, phosphate

Question 42

Insulin

Answer 42

Hormone, produced by pancreas, secreted when high blood sugar, causes liver and muscles to take up and store excess glucose as glycogen. Promotes synthesis of proteins and fats, LOWERS BLOOD SUGAR

Question 43

Glucagon

Answer 43

Pancreatic hormone, secreted when blood sugar low, causes liver and muscles to break down glycogen to glucose, stops protein and fat synthesis, raises blood sugar level

Question 44

Exocrine

Answer 44

Produces some enzyme substances

Question 45

Endocrine

Answer 45

Produces hormone

Question 46

Functions of liver

Answer 46

- destroys old RBC concerts hemoglobin to product in bile - produces bile that is stored in gall bladder - stores glucose as glycogen after eating and breaks down glycogen to glucose between eating to remain glucose concentration. - produced urea(from breakdown of AA) - Makes blood proteins from AA - detoxifies the blood by removing poisonous substances and metabolizing them