Lesson Two

Question 1

What element is basic for life?

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

To join the unit molecules together is called….

Answer 2

Dehydration synthesis

Question 3

How do you break down a polymer and what’s this called?

Answer 3

Take a molecule of water- hydrolysis

Question 4

What are carbohydrates? And what are the groups called?

Answer 4

Sugars.

Groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 5

The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is…

Answer 5

2:1

Question 6

Sugars provide us with…

Answer 6

Short term energy

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

5 or 6 carbon sugars

Question 8

Monosaccarides are…. and examples

Answer 8

Are hexoses (6 carbon sugars),
Fructose, glucose, galactose

Question 9

Disassccharides are….

Answer 9

Double sugars (two simple sugars bonded together)

Question 10

Maltose

Answer 10

2 molecules of glucose

Question 11

Sucrose

Answer 11

1 glucose and 1 fructose

Question 12

Lactose

Answer 12

1 glucose and 1 galactose

Question 13

Starch

Answer 13

Made up of many glucose molecules bonded together in long chains with few side chains
“Plant storage”

Question 14

Glycogen

Answer 14

Has long chains of glucose but had many side chains

“Animal starch”

Question 15

Cellulose

Answer 15

Made of long chains of glucose molecules with alternating linkages of oxygen and no side chains
“Cell walls-human body can’t digest, is fiber”

Question 16

Functions of carbohydrates

Answer 16

Source of short term energy for all organisms, storage form of food in both plants and animals.

Question 17

Lipids are

Answer 17

Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

Question 18

Fatty acids are

Answer 18

One of the two buildings blocks of neutral fats and are non-polar chains of carbon hydrogen with carboxylic acid.

Question 19

Saturated fatty acids are compounds…,

Answer 19

Without double bonds between carbon atoms (holding all the hydrogen they can)

Question 20

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 20

Have double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 21

Neutral fats

Answer 21

1 molecule of glycerol in combination with 1,2, or 3 molecules of fatty acids (have E shape)

Question 22

Fats (saturated) are of what origin

Answer 22

Animal and solid at room temperature

Question 23

Oils (unsaturated fats)

Answer 23

Usually of plant origin and are liquid at room temperature because of double bonds

Question 24

Waxed

Answer 24

Have fatty acids joined to a long chain of alcohol rather than glycerol

Question 25

Sterols

Answer 25

Compounds such as sex hormones or cholesterol. Considered lipids because insoluble in water.

Question 26

Cholesterol

Answer 26

Is important but too much results in fatty deposits inside arteries and narrows pathway for blood so heart has to pump harder

Question 27

Steroids

Answer 27

3 six carbon rings on one 5 carbon ring (attached groups vary)

Question 28

Cholesterol is important because..

Answer 28

It is part of cell membrane and the protective cover around nerve fibres

Question 29

Phospholipids

Answer 29

Are a variation of a triglyceride where one of the 3 fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate and a nitrogen containing group. (Resembles E but had phosphate and nitrogen group). Phospholipids can mix with both polar and non-polar materials.

Question 30

Polar (relationship with water?)

Answer 30

Likes water

Question 31

Non-polar tail (relationship with water?)

Answer 31

Dislikes watered

Question 32

Phospholipids are important because.....

Answer 32

They form much of cell membrane

Question 33

Heads of phospholipids are....

Answer 33

Polar; and are hydrophilic

Question 34

Tails of phospholipids are....

Answer 34

Non-polar and are hydrophobic

Question 35

Protein is made up of what elements

Answer 35

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 36

Basic structure of all proteins

Answer 36

Long chains of amino acids. Amine group (H-N-H) connected to a carbon connnected to a H (also connected to a radical group), snd a carboxy' group (double O to C and single to OH)

Question 37

Amino acids are joined by what type of bond?

Answer 37

Peptide

Question 38

The order and combination of amino acids determined the...

Answer 38

Type of protein that is produced

Question 39

Primary protein

Answer 39

Chains of amino acids (polymers), just a sequence. Have peptide bonds

Question 40

Secondary structure of protein

Answer 40

As amino acids get longer they twist into an alpha helix hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen of one amino acid and an oxygen further down.

Question 41

Tertiary and Quaternary Structures

Answer 41

Bending and folding of alpha helix into globular molecule, kinks are created by amino acids that can't fit. There are hydrogen, ionic, covalent and/or sulfur bonds.

Question 42

Denature

Answer 42

Weaker hydrogen and ionic bonds of tertiary structure are easily broken- If protein's normal shape is destroyed because of environmental conditions it will not work.

Question 43

Nucleic acids are made up of...

Answer 43

Polymers of nucleotides

Question 44

Nucleotides parts

Answer 44

Sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

Question 45

DNA and RNA

Answer 45

Are genetic material that are involved in the functioning of chromosomes

Question 46

ATP

Answer 46

(adenosine triphosphate) ATP is a RNA nucleotide with an adenine base, ATO base breaks created ADP (adenosine diphosohate) and energy

Question 47

ATO is often called...

Answer 47

The energy currency of the cell