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Adv Bio - Proteins > Lesson Three - Amino Acid, R-Chains and the Peptide Bond > Flashcards

Lesson Three - Amino Acid, R-Chains and the Peptide Bond Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Heteropolymer?

A

A different things/ groups that join together

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2
Q

What are proteins and why?

A

Heteropolymers as the amino acids which join to create the protein are different

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3
Q

How many human amino acids are there?

A

20

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4
Q

What type of bonds join amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds/amide links

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5
Q

What chemical groups are in the amino acid structure?

A

Carboxylic group (COOH) Amino group (NH2)

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6
Q

Draw a basic amino acid structure

A
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7
Q

What is the ionised form of an amino acid also known as?

A

The disociated form

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8
Q

When do amino acids become ionised?

A

If the pH of solution is neutral any amino acids in solution will be ionised

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9
Q

How do amino acids develop an ionised form?

A

The amino acid will either loose/gain protons to the solution which causes the compound to have a charge

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10
Q

What are zwitterions?

A

Are neutral molecules with positive and negative chrages

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11
Q

What is an easy way to identify if an amino acid is in the non-polar/hydorphobic group?

A

It is a hydrocarbon

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12
Q

What can a zwitterion act as?

A

A base (accepting H+ ions) An acid (donating H+ ions)

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13
Q

What is the charge of zwitterions dependant on?

A

The pH of the solution it is in

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14
Q

What is an R-group?

A

A collective term for a polymer/a chemical chain

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15
Q

What do R-groups do to amino acids?

A

Give them their unique chemical properties such as charge and solubility

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16
Q

What are the 4 classifications of R groups?

A

Acidic (Negatively charged) Basic (Positively charged) Uncharged polar Non-polar

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17
Q

What is the solubility of the 4 classifications of R groups?

A

Hydrophilic: Acidic (Negatively charged) Basic (Positively charged) Uncharged Polar Hydrophobic: Non-polar

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18
Q

How many acidic amino acids are there?

A

2

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19
Q

What chemical group do acid amino acids have?

A

Carboxyl groups (They have more than one)

20
Q

Give 2 examples of acidic amino acids

A

Aspartic Acid (Asp, D) Glutamic Acid (Glu, E)

21
Q

How many basic amino acids are there?

A

3

22
Q

What chemical group do basic amino acids have?

A

NH3+ (Once they have reacted with the neutral solutions)

23
Q

Give two examples of basic amino acids

A

Lysine (Lys, K) Arginine (Arg, R)

24
Q

How many uncharged polar amino acids are there?

A

5 and they are all hydrophilic

25
Q

What chemical group do uncharged polar amino acids have?

A

They all have different functional groups but most contain at least on -OH group

26
Q

Give two examples of uncharged polar amino acids

A

Serine (Ser, S) Asparagine (Asn, N)

27
Q

What is the meaning of hydrophilic compounds?

A

Compounds which are water loving ie. are soluble in water

28
Q

What is the meaning of hydrophobic coumpounds?

A

Compounds which are water hating i.e. they are insoluble in water

29
Q

How many amino acids are non-polar?

A

10

30
Q

Give three examples of non-polar amino acids

A

Glycine (Gly, G) Alanine (Ala, A) Cysteine (Cys, C)

31
Q

What are amino acids and what do they form when they are linked together?

A

Monomers which are linked to make a polypeptide

32
Q

What chemical reaction causes the joining of amino acids?

A

Condensation reaction (Dehydration reaction)

33
Q

Explain the process of how amino acids are joined together

A

The first amino acid looses an -OH group and the second amino acid looses a H+ group. These groups combine to create water. The two amino acids then bind creating an amide link (peptide bone)

34
Q

Draw an amide link

A

(INSERT IMAGE)

35
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

Fluid mosaic bilayer which consists of phospholipids and proteins

36
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

When a compound has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic side

37
Q

Explain why the plasma membrane is amphipathic?

A

As it has a hydrophilic head group which align to the extracellular space or cytoplasm and the hydrophobic tail points inwards (similar to washing detergent)

38
Q

What is the term used to describe a protein which is within the membrane?

A

Integral

39
Q

What is the term used to describe a protein which is attached to the surface of the membrane?

A

Peripheral

40
Q

What determiines where a protein is positioned in the membrane?

A

The R groups

41
Q

Where are hydrophilic proteins positioned in the cell membrane?

A

In the peripheral part of the membrane (Outside)

42
Q

Where are hydrophobic proteins positioned in the cell membrane?

A

In the integral part of the membrane (Inside)

43
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist of?

A

Mainly fluid mosaic bilayer of phospholipids and protein

44
Q

What is amphipathic nature?

A

(of a molecule, especially a protein) having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

45
Q

Where are the hydrophilic head groups aligned in the plasma membrane?

A

The extracellular space or the cytoplasm

46
Q

Where do the hydrophobic tails point in the plasma membrane?

A

They point inwards

Adv Bio - Proteins (6 decks)

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