Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to A & P > Lesson Topic 1.1: Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Lesson Topic 1.1: Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy:

A

science that studies structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physiology:

A

science that studies body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anatomy (structure) determines

A

physiology (functions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 basic types tissue:

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellular:

A

cells containing organelles

Basic unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tissue:

A

groups of cells and surrounding material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organ:

A

group of tissues performing a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

System:

A

group of organs with a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Organism:

A

contains all systems of an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Homeostasis
Examples of variable factors

A

Body temperature
Blood pressure
Water and nutrient levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Components of a Feedback System

A

Receptor: Recognizes the change and sends message = input (typically by nerve pathways) to:

Control Center: Evaluates input and sends output

Effector: Attempts to change the altered variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(1) Receptor

A

A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information called the input to a control center.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(2) Control Center

A

A control center in the body, for example, the brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(3) Effector

A

An effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

(a) Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector. For example, when your body temperature drops sharply, your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses to your skeletal muscles (effectors) that cause you to shiver, which generates heat and raises your temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Negative Feedback Systems

A

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback systems

“Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)

These systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”

Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Positive Feedback Systems

A

Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of this type

These systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force.

Examples:
Contractions of uterus cause even more contractions (and more…) at child birth
Hormonal control of ovulation
Systems that control blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disorder:

A

abnormality of structure/function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Disease:

A

specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Symptoms:

A

subjective changes not observable from outside a person. Examples: pain, headache, nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Signs:

A

observable or measurable changes. Examples: high BP, ankle swelling, fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aging and Homeostasis

A

Normal process that:

Includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis

Affects all body systems

Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anatomical position (Figure 1-5) pg. 13

A

Stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Head

A

Cephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Skull

A

Cranial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Face

A

Facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Forehead

A

frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Temple

A

temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

eye

A

orbitial or ocular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ear

A

otic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cheek

A

buccal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

nose

A

nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

mouth

A

oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

chin

A

mental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

neck

A

cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

breastbone

A

sternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

armpit

A

axillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

arm

A

brachial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

front of elbow

A

antecubital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

breast

A

mammary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

naval

A

umbillical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

forearm

A

antebrachial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

hip

A

coxal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

wrist

A

carpal

45
Q

palm

A

palmar or volar

46
Q

fingers

A

digital or phalangeal

47
Q

groin

A

inguinal

48
Q

thumb

A

pollex

49
Q

hand

A

manual

50
Q

thigh

A

femoral

51
Q

pubis

A

pubic

52
Q

anterior surface of knee

A

patellar

53
Q

leg

A

crural

54
Q

foot

A

pedal

55
Q

ankle

A

tarsal

56
Q

toes

A

digitial or phalangeal

57
Q

top of foot

A

dorsum

58
Q

great toe

A

hallux

59
Q

Front view of body

A

Anterior

60
Q

Back view of body

A

Posterior

61
Q

Base of skull

A

Occipital

62
Q

Shoulder Blade

A

scapular

63
Q

spinal column

A

vertebral

64
Q

back

A

dorsal

65
Q

loin

A

lumbar

66
Q

buttock

A

gluteal

67
Q

between hips

A

sacral

68
Q

region betweeen anus and external genitals

A

perineal

69
Q

back of hand

A

dorsum

70
Q

hollow behind knee

A

popliteal

71
Q

sole of feet

A

plantar

72
Q

heel of feet

A

calcaneal

73
Q

Prone

A

body is lyin face down

74
Q

Supine

A

body is lying face up

75
Q

superior

A

cephalic or cranial) toward the head, or the upper part of a structure. The heart is superior to the liver.

76
Q

Anterior

A

ventral) Nearer to or at the front of the body. The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to heart.

77
Q

Posterior

A

(dorsal) Nearer to or at the back of the body. The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe).

78
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane. The ulna is medial to the radius.

79
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane. The lungs are lateral to the heart.

80
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning. The humerus is proximal to the radius.

81
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning. The phalanges are distal to the carpals.

82
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface of the body. The ribs are superficial to the lungs.

83
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body. The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.

84
Q

(1) The imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

A

sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique.

85
Q

(a) Sagittal plane

A

is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.

86
Q

1) Midsagittal plane-

A

when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.

87
Q

2) Parasagittal plane-

A

If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides.

88
Q

(b) Frontal plane or coronal plane

A

divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

89
Q

(c) Transverse plane

A

divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

90
Q

transverse plane may also be called

A

cross-sectional or horizontal plane

91
Q

(d) Oblique plane

A

by contrast, passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and the frontal plane.

92
Q

a. Body cavities

A

(1) Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs.

93
Q

(a) The cranial cavity

A

formed by the cranial (skull) bones and contains the brain.

94
Q

(b) The vertebral (spinal) canal

A

is formed by the bones of the vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord.

95
Q

The major body cavities of the trunk are

A

the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

96
Q

The thoracic cavity is the chest cavity. Within the thoracic cavity are three smaller cavities:

A

a) Pericardial cavity
b) Pleural cavities,
c) Mediastinum

97
Q

a) Pericardial cavity

A

a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart,

98
Q

b) Pleural cavities

A

each of which surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of fluid

99
Q

c) Mediastinum

A

1 The central portion of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum (breastbone) to the vertebral column (backbone), and from the first rib to the diaphragm (Figure 1-9), and contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves.

100
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

extends from the diaphragm to the groin

101
Q

a) The upper portion, the abdominal cavity

A

contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.

102
Q

b) The lower portion, the pelvic cavity

A

contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system. Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera.

103
Q

A thin, slippery, double-layered serous membrane

A

covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.

104
Q

The parts of a serous membrane are (1) the parietal layer,

A

which lines the walls of the cavities

105
Q

the visceral layer,

A

which covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.

106
Q

pleura

A

The serous membrane of the pleural cavities

107
Q

pericardium

A

. The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

108
Q

is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

Intro to A & P (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions