आ
Aaa (long)
अ
a
इ
e (short)
ई
EE (long)
ए
a in make (short)
ऐ
ai in maid (long)
उ
O in shoe (short)
ऊ
oo in boot (long)
ऋ
Ree (rolled r)
ओ
O (short)
क
Ka (velar: tongue hits the back of your throat)
औ
Ooo (long out of the side of your mouth)
ख
Kha (velar HARD: tongue hits the back of your throat)
ग
Ga (velar: tongue hits the back of your throat)
घ
Gha (velar HARD: tongue hits the back of your throat)
ङ
Na (velar: tongue hits the back of your throat)
च
ch (palatial soft: tongue touches the roof of your mouth)
छ
CH (palatial HARD: tongue touches the roof of your mouth)
ज
Ja (palatial soft: tongue touches the roof of your mouth)
झ
JA (palatial HARD: tongue touches the roof of your mouth)
ञ
Na (palatial soft: tongue touches the roof of your mouth)
ट
Ta (retroflex soft: curl tongue back and touch roof of mouth)
ठ
TA (retroflex HARD: tongue curls back and touches the roof of mouth)
ड
Da (retroflex soft: tongue curls back and touches the roof of mouth)
ढ
DA (retroflex HARD: tongue curls back and touches the roof of mouth)
ण
Na (retroflex: tongue curls back and touches the roof of mouth)
त
ta (dental soft: tongue touches the edge of top teeth)
थ
TA (dental HARD: tongue touches the edge of top teeth)
द
Da (dental soft: tongue touches the edge of top teeth)
ध
DA (dental HARD: tongue touches the edge of top teeth)
न
Na (dental soft: tongue touches the edge of top teeth)
प
Pa (labial soft: sound comes from lips)
फ
PA (labial soft: sound comes from lips)
ब
Ba (labial soft: sound comes from lips)
भ
BA (labial HARD: sound comes from lips)
म
Ma (labial soft: sound comes from lips)
य
Ya (sonorant)
र
Ra (sonorant)
ल
La (sonorant)
व
Va, vwa or wa (sonorant)
श
Sha (sibilant)
ष
Sha (retroflex: tongue curls back and touches the roof of mouth)
स
Sa (sibilant)
ह
Ha (sibilant)
ि
इ (e short) attached to the end of any consonant to change the sound
Example: कि ke
ी
ई (EE long) added to the end of any consonant
Example: की kee
े
ए (a in make: short) added to the end of any consonant
Example: के
ै
ऐ (ai in maid: long) added to the end of any consonant
Example: कै Kai
ु
उ (u in put: short)added to the end of any consonant
Example: कु ku
ू
ऊ (oo in boot: long) added to the end of any consonant
Example: कू koo
ो
ओ (O short) added to the end of any consonant
Example: को ko
ौ
औ (OO long) added to the end of any consonant
Example: कौ koo
ृ
ऋ (ree) added to the end of any consonant
Example: कृ kree
क़
Ka (borrowed consonant from Persian soft: tongue hits back of throat like you are hacking something up… Throaty)
ख़
KA (borrowed consonant from Persian HARD: tongue hits back of throat like you are hacking something up… Throaty)
ग़
Ga (borrowed consonant from Persian soft: tongue hits back of throat like you are hacking something up… Throaty)
फ़
Fa (borrowed consonant from Persian soft)
ज़
Za (borrowed consonant from Persian soft)
ड़
Rla (borrowed consonant from Persian soft: tongue in retroflex position {tongue curls back and touches roof of mouth} then flips forward)
ढ़
RLAA (borrowed consonant from Persian HARD: tongue in retroflex position {tongue curls back and touches roof of mouth} then flips forward)
ा
आ added to the end of any consonant
Example: का kaa बा baa