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IMED2002 UWA > Leucocytes: Production and Function > Flashcards

Leucocytes: Production and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the production of Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes called?

A

Granulopoeisis

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2
Q

What are the 3 cell types that have granules?

A

Eosinophils

Basophils

Neutrophils

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3
Q

What stimulates granulopoeisis?

A

Cytokines with orderly sequence of maturation

IL-3

Granulocyte colony Stimulating Factor

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4
Q

What is the band form?

A

The immediate precursor of the neutrophil

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5
Q

What is granulopoeisis?

A

Hemopoeitic stem cell undergoes specific differentiation in response to cytokines with orderly sequence of maturation.

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6
Q

Where in the bone marrow does granulopoeisis take place?

A

Maturing forms deeper in the marrow space

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7
Q

How is the nucleus positioned in the early precursor to granulocytes?

A

It is positioned eccentrically (off to one side)

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8
Q

What happens to nucleus during granulopoeisis?

A

Nucleus shrinks and moves off to one side.

Early precursors are located adjacent to the bony trabeculae and then after maturation they form deeper in the marrow space.

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9
Q

Why are early precursors located near the bony trabeculae?

A

Due to achieving cytokines from near that location

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10
Q

What early precursor do neutrophils develop from?

A

Primitive myeloblast

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11
Q

What are the stages of neutrophil formation?

A

Myeloblast

Promyelocyte

Myelocyte

Metamyelocyte

Band form

Neutrophil

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12
Q

What happens to neutrophils during maturation?

A

Reduction in size

Contain fine granules which develop (primary and secondary (specific) cytoplasmic)

Neutrophil nucleus segments (2 - 5 segments

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13
Q

What happens to neutrophils during maturation?

A

Reduction in size

Contain fine granules which develop (primary and secondary (specific) cytoplasmic)

Neutrophil nucleus shrinks and then segments (2 - 5 segments)

Neutrophil then leaves bone marrow and then acts as a phagocyte and discharges granules into bloodstream.

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14
Q

What happens to female neutrophil nucleus?

A

females have a drum stick like appendage (20% of the time)

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15
Q

What are primary granules?

A

Early granules of many functions

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16
Q

When are primary granules formed?

A

At promyelocyte stage

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17
Q

How do primary granules look on electron microscope and how do they differ from secondary granules?

A

They are electron dense and larger than secondary granules

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18
Q

What do primary granules contain?

A

Lysozyme

Defensins

Elastase

Cathepsins B, D and G

Proteinase 3

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19
Q

What do secondary granules contain?

A

Lysozyme

Transcobalamin I (vitB12 binding protein)

Collagenase

beta 2 microglobulin

Lactoferrin

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20
Q

How are secondary granules different to primary granules?

A

They are specific to neutrophils. Primary granules are also located in basophils and eosinophils

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21
Q

What causes variation in number and lifespan of neutrophils?

A

Age, gender, ethnicity

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22
Q

How does mature neutropil migrate from BM to blood?

A

It migrates through the sinusoidal endothelium (through diapedesis)

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23
Q

How long do neutrophils last in blood for?

A

Half life in blood is 2.6 - 11.8 hours (mean 7.2 hours)

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24
Q

How long can neutrophils survive outside of the blood?

A

Up to 30 hours

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25
Can neutrophils appear in secretions and tissues?
yes and they can live for 30 hours outside the blood
26
Are WBC counts higher at birth or at 18 years old?
They are highest at birth and drop by the time we are 18
27
What causes neutrophil count to go up?
Infection Acute inflammation Stress Pregnancy Surgery Trauma Tissue damage Infarction Steroids and cytokines
28
What are the second most frequent granulated cells?
Eosinophils
29
How is development of eosinophils different to neutrophils?
Eosinophils develop secondary granules at the myelocyte stage
30
What is the diameter of eosinophils?
12 - 17 micrometers (slightly larger than neutrophils)
31
What do eosinophilic cytoplasm contain?
Large round granules
32
What colour do eosinophils look with romanowsky stains?
Red-orange
33
How many lobes do eosinophil nuclei contain?
2 lobes that look like glasses and a bridge
34
What is the half life of eosinophils in circulation?
4.5 - 8 hours
35
How long can eosinophils survive in tissues?
8 - 12 days
36
What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?
1 - 5%
37
What causes acute allergic response?
Eosinophils (their count increases in response to allergies)
38
What do eosinophil granules contain?
Phospholipases Histaminase Ribonuclease Beta glucuronidase Cathepsin Collagenase
39
What guides the mobility of eosinophils?
Chemotactic agents, phagocytose and kill microorganisms
40
How effective are eosinophils at phagocytosis compared to neutrophils?
Slower at ingesting and killing bacteria than neutrophils
41
What type of pathogens and immunoglobulins do eosinophils bind to?
IgG and C3 coated helminths
42
Which cells are involved in immediate -type hypersensitivity reactions / allergies?
Eosinophils
43
What causes an increase in eosinophil count?
Allergy Drugs Asthma Dermatitis Parasites Neoplastic syndromes (They can get cancer)
44
What are the most infrequent Leucocytes seen?
Basophils (<1%)
45
What do basophil nuclei look like?
Has 2 segments but often hard to see due to being covered by purple-black cytoplasmic granules
46
What cell surface receptors do basophils have? Why?
IgE, IgG, C5a, histamine, chemokines
47
What do basophils have in their granules?
Histamine Mucopolysaccharides Peroxidase Chymase (a serine protease) Tryptase
48
When do we see more basophils?
Chronic myeloid leukaemia and in this condition they have reduced number of granules
49
Are monocytes granulocytes?
They have granules but are not called granulocytes
50
What percentage of white blood cells are monocytes?
2 - 8%
51
What influences maturation of monocytes from stem cells?
IL-3 and GMC
52
What stem cells do monocytes come from?
Monoblast
53
What does the nucleus look like on monocytes?
Horseshoe shaped
54
How long is monocyte half life in the circulation?
70 hours and then they move into tissues to become macrophages
55
What is the largest leucocyte?
Monocytes/macrophages
56
What do macrophages do?
Collect debris from blood and tissue Store iron
57
What do monocyte granules contain?
Enzymes: Acid phosphatase, esterases, galactosidases Lysozyme, MPO, Elastase, defensins, collagenase Coagulation system proteins (TF, Factors V, VII, X, and XIII, plasminogen activator)
58
Where are monocytes most effective?
In long-term conditions and inflammation
59
When do we see a large number of monocytes?
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia Chronic infections / inflammation
60
What chemical messengers do monocytes react to?
IgG-Fc and C3 membrane receptors Chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5
61
What do lymphocytes do?
Cell mediated immunity and antibody secretion
62
Where are lymphocytes produced?
Bone marrow and some move to thymus and continue there.
63
What is normal T:B ratio?
6:1
64
What percentage of BM cells are lymphocytes?
10 - 15%
65
What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?
20 - 45%
66
What shape are lymphocytes?
Round cells with a round nucleus that is slightly indented
67
What ages are lymphocyte counts at their highest? What is favoured at early and late ages B cells or T cells?
Early childhood with B cells being favoured initially over T cells and then that switches in adulthood.
68
What percentage of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells, and NK cells?
T (70 - 85) B (5 - 25) NK (<5)
69
What is the most common leukemia?
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
70
What cells secrete antibodies?
Plasma cells
71
What percentage of plasma cells are located in the marrow?
<3%
72
Where in the bone marrow do plasma cells line up?
Near the blood vessel (presumably to produce antibodies directly into the circulation)
73
What do plasma cells look like?
Eccentric (non centered) nucleus. Clumped chromatin
74
What kind of antibodies do plasma cells produce?
Monoclonal antibodies (CD138 and cytoplasmic light chains)
75
What kind of malignancies can plasma cells undergo?
Multiple myeloma Plasmacytoma
76
What organelles are abundant in plasma cells?
Golgi apparatus and Rough ER which are present all in a pale region within the cell
77
What are megakaryocytes?
Large cells with hyperlobated nucleus.
78
What do megakaryocytes do?
They generate platelets (cytoplasmic fragments)
79
What kind of mytosis produces platelets from megakaryocytes?
Endomitosis (nuclei undergo huge number of copies (128+ copies))
80
Where are megakaryocytes located?
They are centrally located intratrabecular and peri sinusoidal.
81
Where do megakaryocytes come from?
Come from common myeloid progenitor cells
82
What cytokines influence platelet production?
IL-3 and thrombopoietin

IMED2002 UWA (29 decks)

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