Leukaemia

Question 1

What is the primary cell type involved in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?

Answer 1

Lymphoblasts

Question 2

What genetic abnormality is associated with ALL?

Answer 2

t(12;21), t(9;22) Philadelphia chromosome

Question 3

What are common clinical features of ALL?

Answer 3

Fatigue, pallor, fever, recurrent infections, bleeding, bruising, bone pain, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly

Question 4

What are the main treatment strategies for ALL?

Answer 4

Chemotherapy, targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), stem cell transplantation

Question 5

What is the primary cell type involved in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

Answer 5

Mature B lymphocytes

Question 6

What genetic mutations are commonly associated with CLL?

Answer 6

del(13q), del(17p)

Question 7

What are common clinical features of CLL?

Answer 7

Often asymptomatic, fatigue, weight loss, enlarged painless lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent infections

Question 8

What are the main treatment strategies for CLL?

Answer 8

Observation, chemotherapy (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide), targeted therapy (BTK inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors)

Question 9

What is the primary cell type involved in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

Answer 9

Myeloblasts

Question 10

What genetic abnormalities are associated with AML?

Answer 10

t(8;21), inv(16), t(15;17)

Question 11

What are common clinical features of AML?

Answer 11

Fatigue, pallor, fever, infections, bleeding, bruising, bone pain, gingival hypertrophy, skin infiltrates

Question 12

What are the main treatment strategies for AML?

Answer 12

Chemotherapy (cytarabine, daunorubicin), targeted therapy (FLT3 inhibitors), stem cell transplantation

Question 13

What is the primary cell type involved in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

Answer 13

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Question 14

What genetic abnormality is associated with CML?

Answer 14

t(9;22) BCR-ABL fusion gene

Question 15

What are common clinical features of CML?

Answer 15

Often asymptomatic in chronic phase, fatigue, weight loss, splenomegaly, anemia, easy bruising, symptoms of hypermetabolism

Question 16

What are the main treatment strategies for CML?

Answer 16

Targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), monitoring of BCR-ABL transcript levels, stem cell transplantation

Question 17

What is the function of flow cytometry in leukemia diagnosis?

Answer 17

Identifies specific cell surface markers to classify leukemia

Question 18

What are the cell markers for B-ALL?

Answer 18

CD10, CD19, CD20

Question 19

What are the cell markers for T-ALL?

Answer 19

CD2, CD3, CD7

Question 20

What are the cell markers for CLL?

Answer 20

CD5, CD19, CD20, CD23, CD38, ZAP-70

Question 21

What are the cell markers for AML?

Answer 21

CD13, CD33, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR

Question 22

What are the cell markers for CML in blast crisis?

Answer 22

CD13, CD33, CD34, CD38, HLA-DR

Question 23

What is the significance of the Philadelphia chromosome in leukemia?

Answer 23

It is associated with ALL and CML and involves the t(9;22) BCR-ABL fusion gene

Question 24

What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in ALL?

Answer 24

Presence of lymphoblasts

Question 25

What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in CLL?

Answer 25

Increased small, mature lymphocytes

Question 26

What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in AML?

Answer 26

Presence of myeloblasts, Auer rods

Question 27

What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in CML?

Answer 27

Increased granulocytes, including mature and immature forms

Question 28

What are common findings in a CBC for ALL and AML?

Answer 28

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis or leukopenia

Question 29

What are common findings in a CBC for CLL?

Answer 29

Lymphocytosis

Question 30

What are common findings in a CBC for CML?

Answer 30

Leukocytosis with a left shift

Question 31

What is the role of bone marrow biopsy in leukemia?

Answer 31

Evaluates bone marrow cellularity and the presence of abnormal cells

Question 32

What is hypercellular marrow?

Answer 32

A bone marrow with an increased number of cells, often seen in leukemia

Question 33

What does hypercellular marrow with increased blasts indicate?

Answer 33

ALL or AML

Question 34

What does hypercellular marrow with increased lymphocytes indicate?

Answer 34

CLL

Question 35

What does hypercellular marrow with granulocytic hyperplasia indicate?

Answer 35

CML

Question 36

What is the role of cytogenetic studies in leukemia?

Answer 36

Detects chromosomal abnormalities important for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning

Question 37

What are Auer rods?

Answer 37

Cytoplasmic inclusions found in myeloblasts, indicative of AML

Question 38

What are smudge cells?

Answer 38

Damaged lymphocytes commonly seen in CLL

Question 39

What are the phases of treatment in ALL?

Answer 39

Induction, consolidation, and maintenance

Question 40

What is a common treatment for Ph+ ALL?

Answer 40

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., imatinib)

Question 41

What is the primary therapy for CML?

Answer 41

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib)

Question 42

What are the phases of CML?

Answer 42

Chronic phase, accelerated phase, blast phase

Question 43

What is the significance of the t(8;21) translocation?

Answer 43

It is associated with AML

Question 44

What is the significance of the inv(16) abnormality?

Answer 44

It is associated with AML

Question 45

What is the significance of the t(15;17) translocation?

Answer 45

It is associated with AML and is a target for ATRA therapy

Question 46

What are the main components of a complete blood count (CBC)?

Answer 46

Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets

Question 47

What is the significance of del(13q) in CLL?

Answer 47

It is a common genetic mutation associated with a better prognosis in CLL

Question 48

What is the significance of del(17p) in CLL?

Answer 48

It is a genetic mutation associated with a poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapy in CLL