Transfusion Reaction

Question 1

What is transfusion medicine?

Answer 1

The field involving the safe and effective use of blood and blood products.

Question 2

What is blood grouping?

Answer 2

Identifying specific antigens on red blood cells (RBCs) and antibodies in plasma.

Question 3

What are the ABO and Rh systems used for?

Answer 3

Determining blood compatibility for transfusions.

Question 4

What are the major blood groups in the ABO system?

Answer 4

A B AB O.

Question 5

What does the Rh system determine?

Answer 5

Whether a person is Rh-positive (+) or Rh-negative (-).

Question 6

What are transfusion reactions?

Answer 6

Adverse events occurring during or after a blood transfusion.

Question 7

What are immune transfusion reactions caused by?

Answer 7

Antibodies reacting to donor antigens.

Question 8

Give an example of an immune transfusion reaction.

Answer 8

ABO incompatibility.

Question 9

What are non-immune transfusion reactions caused by?

Answer 9

Factors like TRALI sepsis or fluid overload.

Question 10

What is TRALI?

Answer 10

Transfusion-related acute lung injury a severe non-immune reaction.

Question 11

What are the clinical features of mild transfusion reactions?

Answer 11

Fever chills rash.

Question 12

What are the clinical features of severe transfusion reactions?

Answer 12

Acute hemolysis hypotension renal failure shock.

Question 13

How are transfusion reactions diagnosed clinically?

Answer 13

Recognizing symptoms during or after transfusion.

Question 14

What laboratory test is used to detect immune transfusion reactions?

Answer 14

Direct antiglobulin test (DAT).

Question 15

What laboratory tests indicate hemolysis?

Answer 15

Elevated LDH decreased haptoglobin elevated bilirubin.

Question 16

What is the immediate treatment for transfusion reactions?

Answer 16

Stop transfusion

Question 17

What is the treatment for severe immune transfusion reactions?

Answer 17

Corticosteroids to suppress immune response.

Question 18

What are blood components used in transfusion?

Answer 18

Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) platelets plasma cryoprecipitate.

Question 19

What is the indication for PRBC transfusion?

Answer 19

Anemia acute blood loss.

Question 20

When are platelet transfusions indicated?

Answer 20

Thrombocytopenia bleeding disorders.

Question 21

What is plasma used for in transfusion?

Answer 21

Treating coagulation factor deficiencies.

Question 22

What is cryoprecipitate used for?

Answer 22

Fibrinogen deficiency von Willebrand Disease.

Question 23

What is crossmatching?

Answer 23

Testing for compatibility between donor and recipient before transfusion.

Question 24

What are transfusion thresholds?

Answer 24

Hemoglobin levels guiding PRBC transfusions based on patient condition.

Question 25

What is iron overload?

Answer 25

Accumulation of excess iron from repeated transfusions.

Question 26

How is iron overload managed?

Answer 26

Iron chelation therapy.

Question 27

What is the pathophysiology of immune transfusion reactions?

Answer 27

Antibody-antigen reactions leading to complement activation and hemolysis.

Question 28

What is the pathophysiology of non-immune transfusion reactions like TRALI?

Answer 28

Activation of neutrophils leading to pulmonary endothelial damage.

Question 29

What is the role of cytokines in transfusion reactions?

Answer 29

They mediate inflammatory responses in non-immune reactions.

Question 30

How does ABO incompatibility lead to hemolysis?

Answer 30

Donor antibodies attack recipient RBCs causing rapid destruction.

Question 31

What are the key signs of TRALI?

Answer 31

Acute respiratory distress

Question 32

What is the management of TRALI?

Answer 32

Supportive care mechanical ventilation if needed.

Question 33

How does sepsis occur as a transfusion reaction?

Answer 33

Due to bacterial contamination of blood products.

Question 34

What is the treatment for sepsis post-transfusion?

Answer 34

Broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Question 35

What is the primary complication of fluid overload during transfusion?

Answer 35

Pulmonary edema.

Question 36

How is fluid overload managed?

Answer 36

Diuretics supportive care.

Question 37

What is the mechanism of action of platelet transfusions?

Answer 37

Restoring platelet count and function to prevent bleeding.

Question 38

What is the mechanism of action of cryoprecipitate transfusion?

Answer 38

Providing fibrinogen and other clotting factors to promote clot formation.

Question 39

How does plasma transfusion correct coagulation factor deficiencies?

Answer 39

By replenishing clotting factors like Factor VIII

Question 40

What is the role of albumin in transfusion?

Answer 40

Maintaining oncotic pressure and volume expansion.

Question 41

What are the indications for albumin transfusion?

Answer 41

Hypovolemia hypoalbuminemia.

Question 42

What is the difference between whole blood and blood components?

Answer 42

Whole blood contains all components (RBCs plasma platelets) while components are separated for specific therapeutic purposes.

Question 43

What is the role of leukoreduction in transfusion?

Answer 43

Reducing the risk of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions and alloimmunization.

Question 44

How does irradiation of blood products prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD)?

Answer 44

By inactivating donor T lymphocytes.

Question 45

What is the role of platelet washing in transfusion?

Answer 45

Removing plasma proteins to reduce allergic reactions.

Question 46

What is the mechanism of allergic transfusion reactions?

Answer 46

IgE-mediated response to donor plasma proteins.

Question 47

What is the treatment for allergic transfusion reactions?

Answer 47

Antihistamines discontinuation of transfusion if severe