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Clinical Microscopy 2 > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

0
Q

Genesis of myelocytes

A

(Review)

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1
Q

Concentration of basophils

A

0.4%

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2
Q

Where a small portion of WBCs are found

A

Peripheral blood

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3
Q

Concentration of lymphocytes

A

30%

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4
Q

Other term for leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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5
Q

Formed elements

A

Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes

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6
Q

Percentage of neutrophils

A

50-70%

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7
Q

Where precursor cells are usually found

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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9
Q

Percentage of basophils

A

0.5-1%

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10
Q

Phagocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte (macrophage)

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11
Q

3 compartments/locations

A

Bone marrow
Peripheral blood
Tissues

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12
Q

Concentration of monocytes

A

5.3%

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13
Q

Percentage of eosinophils

A

2-4%

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14
Q

Sixth type of leukocyte

A

Plasma cell

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15
Q

Based on presence of granules in cytoplasm

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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16
Q

Percentage of lymphocytes

A

25-45%

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17
Q

Percentage of monocytes

A

3-8%

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18
Q

Based on function

A

Phagocytes

Immunocytes

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19
Q

Where main function of WBCs ensues

A

Tissues

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20
Q

Concentration of eosinophils

A

2.3%

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21
Q

Functions of WBCs

A

1 Soldiers against infectious and toxic agents
2 Provide rapid and potent defense against any invader recognized as foreign
3 Play a role in innate and adaptive immunity

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22
Q

Leukocyte classification

A

Presence of granules in cytoplasm
Number of nuclei
Function

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23
Q

Based on number of nuclei

A

Polymorphonuclear

Mononuclear

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24
Q

Immunocytes

A

Lymphocytes (T dell, B cell, NK cell)

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25
Q

Mononuclear

A

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

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26
Q

Polymorphonuclear

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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27
Q

Stain used in WBC identification

A

Wright’s stain

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28
Q

Other term for primary granules

A

Azurophilic

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29
Q

Concentration of neutrophils

A

62%

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30
Q

Cytoplasmic characteristics

A

1 Color of the background
2 Presence or absence of granules
3 Color and size of granules

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31
Q

CBC measurements

A

WBC in thousands/mm3

Differential leukocyte count

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32
Q

Example of a leukocyte with high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio

A

Lymphocyte

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33
Q

Produce antibody and act in activities of the immune response

A

Immunocytes

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34
Q

Engulf and destroy

A

Phagocytes

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35
Q

Formed in thymus and other lymph tissues

A

Lymphocytes

Plasma cells

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36
Q

Non-granulocytes

A

Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Plasma cell

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37
Q

Leukocyte formation figure

A

(Review)

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38
Q

Routine method for identification of WBCs

A

Peripheral blood smear

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39
Q

Minimal affinity for acidic or basic dyes

A

Neutrophils

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40
Q

Reaction with methylene blue

A

Basophil

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41
Q

Nuclear characteristics

A

1 Shape
2 Color
3 Chromatin pattern
4 Presence or absence of nucleoli

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42
Q

Neutrophils move through tissue spaces by

A

Amoeboid motion

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43
Q

Indicates if leukocyte is mature or not

A

Nucleoli

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44
Q

Come from a common myeloid progenitor cell that is also the precursor of RBCs and platelets

A

Granulocytes

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45
Q

Life of granulocytes after release from bone marrow

A

4-8 hours

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46
Q

Macrophages destroy them after they have served their purpose

A

Granulocytes

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47
Q

Low nucleus-cytoplasm ratio interpretation

A

Nucleus is small in relation to the volume of the cytoplasm

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48
Q

Degrades glycopeptides and carbohydrate cell walls of bacteria

A

Lysozyme

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49
Q

Nucleus has 2 to 5 lobes joined by a solid filament

A

Neutrophil

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50
Q

Reaction with eosin

A

Eosinophil

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51
Q

Criteria for leukocyte identification

A

1 Cell size
2 Nucleus-Cytoplasm Ratio
3 Cytoplasmic characteristics
4 Nuclear characteristics

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52
Q

Neutrophil forms released in the bloodstream

A

Band cell

Segmented neutrophil

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53
Q

T or F. Neutrophils take one week to mature before they are released from the bone marrow.

A

T

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54
Q

Aid in killing bacteria

A

Granules

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55
Q

Granule content of basophils

A 
1 Histamine
2 Sulphated mucopolysaccharides (mostly chondroitin sulfate; to digest bacterial cell wall)
3 Peroxidase
4 Chymase
5 Tryptase
6 Charcot-leyden crystal protein
7 Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
8 Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)
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56
Q

Toxic forms of oxygen in lysosomes

A

Peroxidase

Superoxides

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57
Q

Contents of primary granules

A 
1 Myeloperoxidase
2 Proteases (Elastase and Cathepsin G)
3 Lysozyme
4 Inactive forms of acid hydrolases
5 Bactericidal cationic protein
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58
Q

Neutrophils enter tissue spaces by

A

Diapedesis

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59
Q

Formed in bone marrow

A

Granulocytes
Monocytes
Few lymphocytes

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60
Q

Life of granulocytes in tissues

A

A couple of days

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61
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Mediate immune response against infectious agents and organisms by attacking and destroying bacteria in the circulating blood

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62
Q

Neutrophils engulf offending agents by

A

Phagocytosis

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63
Q

Characteristics of a segmented neutrophil nucleus

A

1 2-5 lobes
2 Connected by a filament
3 Condensed nuclear chromatin
4 Pale cytoplasm with specific granules

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64
Q

Examples of leukocytes with low nucleus-cytoplasm ratio

A

Mature monocytes

Neutrophils

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65
Q

Contents of secondary granules

A

1 Lactoferrin
2 Lysozyme
3 Collagenases
4 Vitamin B12 binding proteins

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66
Q

High nucleus-cytoplasm ratio interpretation

A

Nucleus occupies most of the cell area with only a small rim of cytoplasm

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67
Q

Produce numerous regulatory cytokines

A

Eosinophils

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68
Q

Responsible for killing phagocytosed bacteria

A

Myeloperoxidase

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69
Q

Contents of quaternary granules

A

Secretory vesicles

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70
Q

Lymphocyte functions

A

1 Play a major role in the maintenance of health

2 Antigen recognition and generation of appropriate immune response

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71
Q

What will happen if continuous neutrophil production stops?

A

Death by sepsis

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72
Q

Presence of few primary granules and abundant secondary granules

A

Band

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73
Q

May contain Auer rods

A

Myeloblast

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74
Q

First post-mitotic myeloid precursor

A

Metamyelocyte

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75
Q

Neutrophils are attracted to inflamed areas by

A

Chemotaxis

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76
Q

Presence of rare primary and many secondary granules

A

Metamyelocyte

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77
Q

Cell-mediated immune response

A

T/NK cells

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78
Q

Life span of neutrophils in peripheral blood

A

7 hours

79
Q

Seen in times of stress

A

Metamyelocyte

80
Q

Granules formed in myelocytes

A

Secondary

81
Q

Life span of neutrophils in the bone marrow

A

2-3 days (mitotic)

5-7 days (maturation and storage)

82
Q

Part of the innate immune system which replenishes macrophages and dendritic cells and moves quickly to the site of infection (8-12 hours)

A

Monocyte

83
Q

Contents of tertiary granules

A

1 Gelatinase

2 Alkaline phosphatase

84
Q

Equation if all 9 squares are counted

A

Cells per mcL = # of cells counted x dilution/9 x 0.1

85
Q

Start of maturation and storage

A

Metamyelocyte

86
Q

Closely resembles the function of granulocyte

A

Monocyte

87
Q

Fewer and smaller nuclear folding and cytoplasmic granules than neutrophils

A

Monocytes

88
Q

Factors that drive neutrophil maturation

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

89
Q

Movement of neutrophils

A

Amoeboid motion (pseudopodium)

90
Q

T or F. Promyelocyte is confined to the bone marrow unlike myelocyte

A

F. Both are confined to the bone marrow

91
Q

Scan basophilic cytoplasm without perinuclear halo

A

Myeloblast

92
Q

Neutrophils attached to endothelium of blood vessels

A

Marginal neutrophils

93
Q

Mature eosinophil

A

Refractive orange specific granules

94
Q

Significant proportion of eosinophils are stored in the

A

spleen

95
Q

Dependent in passing from bone marrow to peripheral blood and tissues

A

Cell life

96
Q

Direct precursor of blood monocyte

A

Promonocyte

97
Q

Circulating neutrophils

A

Free

98
Q

Survive in tissues longer than neutrophils

A

Eosinophils

99
Q

Seen in pathologic states in the blood

A

Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte

100
Q

Characteristics of neutrophil maturation

A

1 Decreasing N/C ratio
2 Increasing production of granules
3 Increasing nuclear segmentation

101
Q

With paranuclear halo

A

Promyelocyte

102
Q

Formed during blood film

A

Smudge cells

Basket cells

104
Q

Life span if neutrophils in tissues based on in vitro observation of tissue culture

A

2-3 days

104
Q

Location of eosinophils

A

Skin and mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

105
Q

Most immature cells in the bone marrow

A

Myeloblast

106
Q

Other term for secondary granules

A

Specific

107
Q

Granules formed in promyelocytes

A

Primary

108
Q

Rules for counting

A

1 Count cells on the upper or left line
2 Do not count cells on the bottom or right line
3 Each side should be counted and the average of the 2 should be taken

109
Q

More condensed nuclear chromatin =

A

More mature

110
Q

Predominant WBC

A

Segmented neutrophil

111
Q

Nucleus has many shapes twisted/folded on itself

A

Band

112
Q

Precursor of most macrophages including dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

113
Q

Neutrophil forms in the bone marrow (5-7 days)

A

Metamyelocytes
Band forms
Segmented neutrophils

114
Q

Characteristics of monoblast cytoplasm

A

1 Coarse
2 May show pseudopod formation
3 Vacuoles

115
Q

First recognizable eosinophil

A

Promonocyte

116
Q

Factors thought to play a role in basophil production

A 
1 IL3
2 GM-CSF
3 IL4
4 IL5
5 Stem cell factor (SCF)
6 T cells
117
Q

Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of lymphocytes

A

1,000-3,000

20-40%

118
Q

Similar to large tissue mast cells

A

Basophils

119
Q

Induces eosinophil formation, function, and prolonged survival

A

IL5 growth factor

120
Q

Basophils are increased in blood during

A 
1 Myeloproliferative neoplasms (leukemia)
2 Hypersensitivity reactions
3 Hypothyroidism
4 Iron deficiency
5 Renal disease
121
Q

Functions of basophils

A

1 Mediate allergic or hypersensitivity reactions (Type I)
2 Have some phagocytic activity
3 Have a role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions
4 Have a role in delayed type hypersensitivity reactions
5 Have a role in host defense against helminths

123
Q

Primary and secondary granules are present

A

Myelocyte

124
Q

Activate macrophages

A

T cells

125
Q

Seen in atopic persons

A

Increased number of basophil progenitor cells

125
Q

Main cytokine in basophil production

A

IL3

126
Q

Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of basophils

A

20-100

<1-2%

127
Q

Most important WBC

A

Lymphocyte

128
Q

When are necrotic cells seen?

A

Prolonged exposure to EDTA

Chemotherapy

129
Q

Largest type of WBC in terms of size

A

Monocyte

130
Q

Where does terminal differentiation of mature lymphocytes occur?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs (mucocutaneous lymph tissues, spleen, lymph nodes)

131
Q

Life span of neutrophils

A

9-10 days

134
Q

Predominant non-granulocyte cells

A

Lymphocytes

134
Q

Equation if 4 squares are used

A

Cells per mcL = # of cells counter x dilution/4 x 0.1

135
Q

Primary cytokine linked to specific eosinophil and basophil production

A

IL5

135
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A

1 Role in response to parasitic infections and allergic conditions
2 Phagocytosis
3 Respond to chemotactic factors
4 Damage larval stages of parasitic helminths

135
Q

Nuclear remnants of lymphocytes

A

Smudge cells

137
Q

Neutrophil forms in the bone marrow (2-3 days)

A

Myeloblast
Promyelocytes
Myelocytes

138
Q

Found in some leukemias

A

Basket cells

139
Q

Immature eosinophil

A

Large blue granules

140
Q

Progenitor of eosinophils

A

CFU-GM

141
Q

What does WBC reflect?

A

Circulating pool of myeloid and lymphoid cells

142
Q

Largest of leukocytes

A

Monocyte

143
Q

Functions of monocytes

A

1 Produce macrophages

2 Phagocytosis

144
Q

Chemotactic factors that attract monocytes

A

1 Ag-Ab complexes
2 Complement components (C3a and C5a)
3 Factors released by activated T lynphocytes

145
Q

Recognize and lyse tumor cells and virus-infected cells

A

NK cells

146
Q

Released by activated macrophages

A

1 Substances for inflammatory response
2 Complement system
3 Pyrogens

147
Q

Its presence in PBS indicates lymphoma

A

Lymphoblast

147
Q

Absolute number =

A

Percentage of each type of WBC x total WBC

148
Q

Differentiate into plasma cells

A

B cells

148
Q

Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of neutrophils

A

2,000-7,000

40-80%

150
Q

Nuclear remnant of granulocytic cells with net-like chromatin

A

Basket cells

150
Q

Abnormal conditions: nucleated RBCs

A

1 Hemolytic anemia
2 Leukemia
3 Myeloproliferative disorders

151
Q

Kidney-shaped or U-shaped

A

Monocyte

153
Q

Enhance effect of phagocytosis

A

Bacteriolytic enzyme

156
Q

Helpful in identifying monocytes

A

Non-specific esterases

156
Q

Abnormal conditions: phagocytic cells

A

1 Overwhelming septicemia
2 Bacterial and fungal infections
3 Erythrophagocytosis
4 Severe infections

157
Q

Abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic anemia

A

Smudge cells

158
Q

Humoral immune response

A

Mature B cells

158
Q

Granulocytic cells with pyknotic nuclei and agranular cytoplasm

A

Nectrotic cells

159
Q

Where monocytes differentiate into macrophages

A

Tissues

159
Q

Collection tube

A

EDTA with potassium salt additive as anti-coagulant

160
Q

When is hemocytometer used?

A

1 Automated cell counters and hematology analyzers are unavailable
2 Blood cell counts are extremely low
3 To get cell count for body fluids (spinal fluid, joint fluid, semen counts, etc)

160
Q

Sometimes called basket cells

A

Smudge cells

161
Q

Round or oval nuclei with clefts

A

Myeloblast

161
Q

Neutrophil that has engulfed foreign substances

A

Phagocytic cells

162
Q

Characterized by its ability to be stained by basic dyes

A

Basophil

162
Q

Made of heavy glass with 2 counting areas

A

Glass hemocytometers

163
Q

Activate basophils to release histamine in delayed type hypersensitivity reactions

A

T cells

165
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Activated macrophages

167
Q

Abnormal conditions: megakaryocyte fragments

A

1 Aberrant platelet production
2 Myelofibrosis
3 Essential thrombocythemia

169
Q

Has potential antineoplastic effect

A

Bacteriolytic enzyme

171
Q

Materials of a hemocytometer

A

Neubauer’s slide
Cover slip
RBC pipette
WBC pipette

172
Q

Nude nuclei

A

Megakaryocyte fragments

173
Q

Regulatory and effector functions

A

T cells

174
Q

Nucleus of monoblasts

A

1 Round/oval nuclei with fine chromatin
2 1-4 large prominent nucleoli
3 May show indentations or folding

177
Q

Explain: Lymphocytes are not obligate end cells

A

During maturation, lymphocytes continuously supply the body with incompletely differentiated cells

178
Q

The area used for counting more than a few cells

A

4 outer squares

178
Q

Few may be found in normal condition

A

Smudge cells

Basket cells

179
Q

Contaminant of venipuncture

A

Endothelial cells

180
Q

Contents of granules of eosinophils

A 
Lysosomal enzymes 
1 acid phosphatase
2 beta-glucoronidase
3 lysozyme
4 lipase
5 peroxidase
6 non-specific esterases
181
Q

Provides relative % of each type of WBC

A

WBC Differential Count

182
Q

Advantages of absolute count

A

1 Gives more meaningful information
2 Useful for monitoring
3 Abnormal conditions can be identified

183
Q

The area used for counting a few cells

A

Entire chamber

184
Q

Total WBC count =

A

4,500-10,000/mcL

185
Q

Difference between automated and manual differential blood counts

A

(Review)

186
Q

Indicates bacterial type of infection

A

Neutrophil

187
Q

Indicates viral type of infection

A

Lymphocyte

191
Q

Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of monocytes

A

200-1,000

2-10%

192
Q

Shift to the left indicates

A

1 infection

2 exercise or stress

193
Q

Used to diagnose blood disorders

A

Monocytes

195
Q

Absolute count (x 10^9/L) and relative percent of eosinophils

A

20-500

1-6%

202
Q

Found in newborns in normal condition

A

Megakaryocyte fragments

Nucleated RBCs

204
Q

Aids in the diagnosis of disease

A

Interpretation of differential count (together with CBC)

205
Q

Specimen

A

Whole blood

208
Q

Structureless chromatin

A

Smudge cell

Clinical Microscopy 2 (5 decks)

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