Blood Banking II Flashcards
0
Q
Special antigens
A
1 Bombay antigen
2 Australia antigen
1
Q
Terminal carbohydrates of RBC
A
Fucose
Galactose
2
Q
Subtypes
A
O > A1 > B > A2 > AB
3
Q
Most basic surface antigen
A
H antigen
4
Q
Has H-antigen only
A
Blood type O
5
Q
Discovered that blood clumping is an immunological reaction
A
Karl Landsteiner
6
Q
A antigen
A
H-antigen + N acetyl-galactosamine
7
Q
Phenotype and genotype representations in the ABO blood typing system
A
(Review)
8
Q
B antigen
A
H-antigen + another galactose
9
Q
Located on the surface of RBCs
A
Antigens
10
Q
ABO gene locus
A
Chromosome 9
11
Q
No H antigen
A
Bombay antigen
12
Q
Discovered Australia antigen
A
Baruch Blumberg
13
Q
Causes susceptibility to certain diseases such as infectious mononucleosis and hepatitis infection
A
Australia antigen
14
Q
T or F. ABO gene is autosomal
A
T
15
Q
Co-dominant groups
A
A and B
16
Q
Located in the blood plasma
A
Antibodies
17
Q
Other term for reverse ABO screening
A
Antibody screening
18
Q
Universal donor
A
O+
19
Q
Location of Fy locus
A
Near the centromere on the long arm of chromosome 1 (syntenic to Rh which is located near the tip of the short arm)
20
Q
Rh+
A
RBCs carry the Rh or D antigen
21
Q
If a person inherited one group A gene and one group B gene, his RBC would possess both the A and B blood group antigens
A
Co-dominance
22
Q
Rh Nomenclature
A
1 Fisher-Race Classification (C, E, D minor subtypes)
2 Weiner Classification
23
Q
Weakly reacting D antigens
A
Du
24
Hemolytic anemia in fetus or neonate, caused by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to fetal RBCs
Erythroblastosis fetalis
25
Signs of erythroblastosis fetalis in the neonate
1 Pallor
2 Hepatosplenomegaly
3 Jaundice
26
Results from incompatibility between maternal and fetal Rh antigens
Erythroblastosis fetalis
27
Difference of M and N
Amino acid sequence at positions 1 and 5
28
Signifies active hemolysis in the neonate
Hepatosplenomegaly
29
AB-
Universal recipient
30
Easily destroyed by routine blood bank proteolytic enzymes (ficin, papain, and bromelin) because of their location
M and N
31
Surface antigens
1 H antigen
2 A antigen
3 B antigen
32
Signs of erythroblastosis fetalis in the mother
Polyhydramnions
33
Major RBC sialic acid-rich glycoprotein
Glycophorin A
34
Amino acid sequence of M
Serine (1)
| Glycine (5)
35
Transmembrane proteins with loops exposed on the surface of RBCs
Rh antigens
35
A protein that carries many antigens
Glyocophorin
36
Difference of S and s
Amino acids at position 29 on Glycophorin B
37
Less easily degraded by enzymes because antigens are located farther down the glycoprotein
S and s
38
Amino acid at position 29 of s
Threonine
39
Detected on renal capillary endothelium and epithelium
M, N, S
40
Gene coding for GPB
GYPB
41
Amino acid sequence of N
```
Leucine (1)
Glutamic acid (5)
```
43
Not synthesized by RBCs; only adsorbed from plasma
Lewis antigens
44
Amino acid at position 29 of S
Methionine
45
Reagent: red cells
Reverse ABO typing
46
Duffy antigens
Fya and Fyb
47
Lewis antigens in secretions
Glycoproteins
48
Characteristics of Duffy antigens
1 Destroyed by proteolytic enzymes (ficin, papain, bromelin), chymotrypsin, ZZAP
2 Do not bind complement
3 Stimulated by transfusion or pregnancy
4 Do not react with enzyme-treated RBCs
49
Found on brain, colon, endothelium, lung, spleen, thyroid, thymus, and kidney cells
Duffy antigens
50
M and N:
| S and s:
Outer end of Glycophorin A
| Glycophorin B
51
Not found on platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes or granulocytes
M, N, S, Duffy antigens
53
Similar to Rh system
Kell system
54
Location of genes GYPA and GYPB
Chromosome 4
55
Destroy Kell antigens
```
1 Trypsin and chymotrypsin
2 Dithiothreitol (DTT)
3 ZZAP (a combination of DTT and papain or ficin)
4 Glycine-acid-EDTA
```
56
Lewis antigens in plasma and on RBCs
Glycolipids
57
Other term for k
Cellano
58
Immunogenic in stimulating antibody production
Kell antigens
59
Most immunogenic in stimulating antibody production
D antigen
60
For ABO grouping
Direct antiglobulin test
61
Other term for K
Kell
62
Blood typing laboratory techniques
1 Slide method and tube method
| 2 Gel method
63
Reverse typing
Patient serum + known RBC
65
Implicated in severe hemolytic transfusion reactions and HDN
Kell antigens
65
Associated with chronic granulomatous disease
McLeod syndrome
66
Blood typing results interpretation
(Review)
67
Antisera
1 Anti-A (blue)
2 Anti-B (yellow)
3 Anti-Rh/D (colorless, transparent)
68
Detects antibodies
Reverse typing
69
Reverse grouping test procedure
1 Label card with PID and remove foil
2 Add 50 mcl of each 0.8% reagent red cell suspension to a microtube (A1, A2, B cells)
3 Add 50 mcl of serum or plasma to each microtube
4 Spin card in ID centrifuge
5 Interpret results
70
Gel method tests
1 Forward antigen typing
| 2 Reverse ABO typing/Antibody screening
72
Forward antigen typing procedure
1 Prepare 5% cell suspension in Diluent 1 (Bromelin) 500 mcl diluent + 50 mcl blood or 25 mcl cell concentrate
2 Incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes
3 Label card with PID and remove foil
4 Add 10 mcl of cell suspension to each microtube
5 Spin card in ID centrifuge
6 Interpret results
73
Test for serum
Antibody screening
74
T or F. A and O blood groups are dominant over B.
F. A and B blood groups are dominant over O.
74
Represents a tissue group
Lewis system
74
Forward typing
Patient RBC + known antisera
75
Gene coding for GPA
GYPA
76
Indications for ABO grouping
```
1 Blood donors
2 Transfusion recipients
3 Transplant candidates and donors
4 Prenatal patients
5 Newborns
6 Paternity testing
```
77
Uses human polyclonal antisera
Direct antiglobulin test
78
Detects RBC surface antigen
Forward typing
79
The most important and frequently performed procedure in the routine blood bank
Cross-matching
80
Determines compatibility between patient serum and donor red blood cells
Type and cross
81
Functions of cross-matching
1 Determines compatibility of donor's blood with recipient's blood
2 Identifies matches for organ transplants
3 Detects clinically significant antibodies
82
Two categories of cross-matching
1 Major
| 2 Minor
83
Three types of cross-matching
1 Full
2 Immediate spin
3 Electronic
84
Tests if the recipient has any antibodies to the antigens of the donor's cells
Major cross-matching
85
Major cross-matching
Recipient serum is tested against donor packed cells
86
Minor cross-matching
Recipient red cells are tested against donor serum
87
Detects donor antibodies directed against a patient's antigens
Minor cross-matching
88
Safest and most comprehensive type of cross-matching
Full cross-matching
89
Identifies that an agglutination reaction is caused by IgM rather than IgG or complement activation
Immediate spin cross-matching
90
Last guard to ensure a safe transfusion
Electronic cross-matching
91
Includes ABO/Rh typing of the unit and of the recipient, and an antibody screen of the recipient
Electronic cross-matching
92
Requirement of electronic cross-matching
Patient: negative antibody screen
93
Negative antibody screen
1 No active RBC atypical antibodies
| 2 RBC atypical antibodies below the detectable level of current testing methods
94
Three methods of cross-matching
1 Saline method (slide and tube)
2 Albumin tube
3 Coomb's test
95
Detects the presence of expected antibodies
ABO system
96
Detects the presence of unexpected antibodies
Antibody screening
97
Unexpected antibodies
1 Immune alloantibodies
2 Pollen
3 Fungus
4 Bacteria
98
Clinically significant antibodies known to cause transfusion reactions and HDN
1 Anti-A
2 Anti-B
3 IgG (react at 37 Celsius or in the antihuman globulin phase of the indirect antiglobulin test)
99
Alloantibodies
Antibodies to an antigen which an individual lacks
100
Autoantibodies
Antibodies to an antigen that a person has
101
Antibody screening methods
1 Tube method
2 Column agglutination
3 Solid phase interference
102
Tube method procedure
1 Add one drop of reagent to 2 drops of patient serum
2 Mixture is centrifuged and observed for agglutination or hemolysis at room temperature
3 Enhancement media is aded and the tubes are incubated at 37 Celsius
4 After incubation, antihuman globulin antisera is added and the tube is centrifuged and read
5 Agglutination and hemolysis mean antigen and its corresponding antibody are present
6 Antigram is consulted
7 Large panel of RBCs representing multiple donors can be tested with the recipient's RBCs
103
Used to determine preliminary identity in tube method of compatibility testing
Antigram
104
Listing of identified antigens present on the RBCs in each vial representing one donor
Antigram
105
Column agglutination procedure
1 Precisely measured volumes of screening reagent RBCs (0.8% suspension in LISS) and plasma are incubated at 37 Celsius in the reaction chamber above the column matrix
2 Following incubation, plastic cards are centrifuged under carefully controlled conditions
3 IgG-coated RBCs agglutinate as they come in contact with the AHG reagent in the matrix and are trapped
4 Unagglutinated RBCs pass through easily and are found as pellet at the bottom
106
Principles of solid-phase interference
(Review)
107
Solid-phase interference procedure
1 Reagent RBCs are bound to the bottom of microplate wells. Serum and an enhancement reagent are added and incubated at 37 Celsius.
2 After washing to remove unbound serum globulins, indicator RBCs coated with AHG are added, and the plates are centrifuged
3 Interpret results
108
Negative reaction in solid-phase interference
Discrete button on the bottom of the well
109
Positive reaction in solid-phase interference
Antiglobulin coated indicator cells bind and cover the bottom surface of the well
