Leukogram

Question 1

define leucocytosis

Answer 1

increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood

Question 2

define leucopenia

Answer 2

low white blood cell count

Question 3

define myeloid

Answer 3

derived from bone marrow

Question 4

what is the only blood cell group that is not part of the myeloid system

Answer 4

lymphocytes

Question 5

what does a left shift mean

Answer 5

increased number of immature neutrophils in circulation

Question 6

what are the two pools of neutrophils

Answer 6

circulating
marginal

Question 7

which pool of neutrophils do we sample in blood samples

Answer 7

circulating pool

Question 8

can neutrophils move back and forth between blood and tissues

Answer 8

no - once they leave the blood to enter tissues they will then die after

Question 9

what is the half life of a neutrophil in circulation

Answer 9

less than 12 hours

Question 10

what 3 steps need to occur for neutrophils to leave the blood vessels

Answer 10

marginalisation
adhesion
migration

Question 11

list 4 factors that can trigger a neutrophil shift from marginal to circulating pool

Answer 11

epinephrine
glucocorticoids
infection
stress

Question 12

List 5 things that can cause neutrophilia

Answer 12

inflammation
steroids
physiological
chronic neutrophil leukaemia
paraneoplastic

Question 13

List 2 mechanisms by which steroids cause neutrophilia

Answer 13

demarginalisation of neutrophils
decreased extravasation into tissues

Question 14

mechanism by which dear/excitement causes a neutrophilia

Answer 14

demarginalisation of neutrophils

Question 15

what is a neutrophil right shift

Answer 15

more mature neutrophils than we would expect

Question 16

what is neutrophil toxic change

Answer 16

rapid neutropoiesis (shortening time of maturation of neutrophil in the bone)- usually due to a severe infection

Question 17

how can we diagnose a left shift

Answer 17

more band neutrophils

Question 18

how can we diagnose toxic change

Answer 18

foamy cytoplasm
diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle bodies

Question 19

what can cause neutrophil inclusions

Answer 19

bacteria
viruses
protozoa
fungi

Question 20

what species have heterophils

Answer 20

rabbits
guinea pigs
hamsters
reptiles
avian species

Question 21

if you have a neutrophilia with no left shift, what does this indicate

Answer 21

Lymphopenia= steroid response
Lymphs normal= excitement response

Question 22

if you have a neutrophilia with a left shift, what does this indicate

Answer 22

inflammation

Question 23

what can cause neutropenias

Answer 23

inflammation
decreased pproduction

Question 24

what can cause decreased neutrophil production

Answer 24

infections
toxicity
neoplasia
marrow necrosis
myelofibrosis

Question 25

what does neutropaenia with a left shift indicate

Answer 25

acute inflammation

Question 26

what does neutropaenia with no left shift indicate

Answer 26

acute viral infection or acute marrow injury

Question 27

why are neutrophils the first thing we see decrease in marrow injuries

Answer 27

as they have the shortest half life

Question 28

which species (dogs, cats, horses or cows) have the highest marrow reserves of neutrophils

Answer 28

dogs

Question 29

which species (dogs, cats, horses or cows) have the lowest marrow reserves of neutrophils

Answer 29

cows

Question 30

why do we more commonly measure APPs in horses and cows

Answer 30

as neutrophils can be affected easier by inflammation in these species

Question 31

once lymphocytes leave the circulation, are they recycled

Answer 31

yes - they go through the lymph system, back into the blood stream

Question 32

what are reactive lymphocytes

Answer 32

lymphocytes that increase in size due to antigen stimulation

Question 33

what are granular lymphocytes

Answer 33

lymphocyte with reddish, azurophilic granules

Question 34

what stimulates lymphocytes to become reactive

Answer 34

T or B cells

Question 35

what can cause lymphocytosis

Answer 35

Catecholamine mediated splenic contractions chronic inflammation young animals or recent vaccination lymphoproliferative disorder hypoadrenocorticism

Question 36

list possible causes of lymphopenia

Answer 36

stress/ steroids acute inflammation loss of lymph cytotoxic drugs radiation immunodeficiency syndrome lymphoma

Question 37

describe a stress leukogram

Answer 37

glucocorticoid induced eosinopenia lymphopenia mature neutrophilia monocytosis

Question 38

what happens when monocytes go into tissues

Answer 38

they differentiate into macrophages

Question 39

what cells are responsible for phagocytosis

Answer 39

monocytes/ macrophages

Question 40

what can cause a monocytosis

Answer 40

inflammation steroid/ stress monocytic/ myelomonocytic leukaemia

Question 41

are we worried about monocytopaenia

Answer 41

No

Question 42

what can cause an eosinophilia

Answer 42

hypersensitivty parasitism hypoadrenocorticism paraneoplastic idiopathic eosinophilic syndrome eosinophilic leukaemia

Question 43

what can cause an eosinopenia

Answer 43

glucocorticoids stress inflammation - although eosinopenia is not commonly recognised

Question 44

why are basophils not commonly seen

Answer 44

they move quickly into tissues

Question 45

when do we see nucleated RBCs

Answer 45

strongly regenerative anaemias - haemolytic anaemias

Question 46

why should we always do a blood smear

Answer 46

beacause the machine may be wrong

Question 47

What is pancytopenia

Answer 47

deficiency of all three cellular components of the blood (red cells, white cells, and platelets) suggests chronic marrow injury