secondary haemostasis

Question 1

List the 4 cells that are involved in secondary haemostasis

Answer 1

fibroblasts
platelets
endothelial cells
leukocytes

Question 2

What substances apart from cells are needed in secondary haemostasis

Answer 2

enzyme coagulation factors
fibrinogen
calcium

Question 3

List the factors that are in the intrinsic pathway

Answer 3

XII- 12
XI- 11
IX- 9
VIII- 8

Question 4

List the factors on the extrinsic pathway

Answer 4

III- 3
VII- 7

Question 5

List the factors that are on the common pathway

Answer 5

X- 10
V- 5
II- 2
I - 1

Question 6

List the clotting factors that are vitamin K dependent

Answer 6

II- 2
VII- 7
IX- 9
X- 10

Question 7

What tests are used to diagnose secondary haemostasis

Answer 7

Whole blood clotting time
One stage prothrombin time
Activated partial thromboplastin time
Specific factor assays

Question 8

What pathways does WBCT measure

Answer 8

intrinsic and common pathways

Question 9

List the pathways that OSPT measure

Answer 9

extrinsic and common

Question 10

What pathways does APTT measure

Answer 10

Intrinsic and common pathways

Question 11

Any factors in their respective lines being below what percentage of what it should be will result in increases in OSPT and APTT

Answer 11

30%

Question 12

What is hyphema

Answer 12

anterior chamber of the eye filled with blood

Question 13

What is the difference between ecchymoses and petechiae?

Answer 13

Petechiae= pin pricks
Ecchymoses= large areas

Question 14

What are some disorders of secondary haemostasis

Answer 14

Haemophillia A or B
Vitamin K antagonist (rat bait)
Hepatic disease

Question 15

What factor deficiency does Haemophilia A result in

Answer 15

Factor VIII- 8

Question 16

What factor deficiency does Haemophilia B result in

Answer 16

Factor IX- 9

Question 17

How long does it take for clinical effects to occur in rat bait poisoning

Answer 17

1-3 days

Question 18

What coagulation test results does haemophilia resut in

Answer 18

APTT increased
Increased WBCT

Question 19

What coagulation test results does vitamin K antagonist (rat bait) toxicity result in

Answer 19

increased WBCT
increased OSPT
increased APTT

Question 20

What coagulation test results does hepatic disease result in?

Answer 20

Increased OSPT
increased APTT

Question 21

What is fibrinogen

Answer 21

the end product of the coagulation cascade
converted by thrombin into fibrin during blood coagulation
fibrin then cross linked by factor XIII to form clot

Question 22

List 3 things that can result in increased fibrinogen concentrations

Answer 22

DIC
potential bleeding
liver problem

Question 23

What would result in decreased fibrinogen concentrations?

Answer 23

-Viral and bacterial infections
-Kidney disease
-Traumatic injuries or surgery
-Cancer
-Heart disease
-Canine pregnancy

Question 24

When is D-dimer concentration in the blood increased?

Answer 24

Thrombosis occuring
Fibrinolysis occuring

Question 25

What are some examples of pro-thrombotic states in animals?

Answer 25

DIC feline thromboembolic disease protein losing nephropathy hyperadrenocorticism

Question 26

What is the pathophysiology behind disseminated intravascular coagulation?

Answer 26

-Excessive activation o haemostatic pathways results in high thrombin and microvascular thrombi -Coagulation factors and platelets are depleted leading to haemorrhage

Question 27

What are the main triggers for DIC?

Answer 27

-Endothelial damage: electrocution, heat stroke, sepsis -Platelet activation: mainly viral (FIP) -Release of tissue procoagulants: trauma, pancreatitis, bacterial infections

Question 28

What infectious agents are implicated in causing DIC?

Answer 28

-Bacterial sepsis -Viral disease (FIP) -Protozoa (Babesia Canis) -Parasites (A.vasorum)

Question 29

What neoplasias are implicated in causing DIC?

Answer 29

-Metastatic tumours are overrepresented -Haemangiosarcomas -Haematopoietic -Cholangiocarcinoma -Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Question 30

What inflammatory/necrotic processes are implicated in causing DIC?

Answer 30

IMHA -Pancreatitis -Hepatitis -Vasculitis -GDV -Hepatic lipidosis (cats)

Question 31

What test results can be indicative of DIC?

Answer 31

-Thrombocytopaenia or platelets consistently dropping in normal range -Hypofibrinogenaemia -Increased fibrinogen degradation products (D-dimer high) -Schistocytes

Question 32

In what rabbit diseases is subacute and acute death caused y DIC?

Answer 32

-RHDV -RHDV2