Levels of Organisation

Question 1

Define element

Answer 1

a substance which cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

Question 2

Define atom

Answer 2

the smallest particle of an element which retains its properties and characteristics

Question 3

Define ion

Answer 3

an atom which is positively or negatively charged through the loss or gain of electrons

Question 4

Define compound

Answer 4

a substance which contains atoms of two or more elements

Question 5

What are organic compounds? How are they usually bonded?

Answer 5

Compounds with a carbon backbone.
Covalently

Question 6

Organic compounds include: (4)

Answer 6

DNA, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

Question 7

Describe the generalised human cell (4)

Answer 7

• smallest structural unit of an organism
• capable of independent functioning
• consisting of one or more nuclei, cytoplasm, and various organelles
• all surrounded by a semi permeable cell membrane.

Question 8

Describe the cell membrane (2)

Answer 8

• retains all of it’s internal structures
• allows certain materials to import or export in and out of the cell.

Question 9

Describe the nucleus (3)

Answer 9

• a mass that is largely made up of RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
• controls cell growth, metabolism and reproduction
• contains chromosomes that control cellular activity and directs protein synthesis

Question 10

Describe the cytoplasm

Answer 10

the substance that contains cell organelles but does not include the nucleus

Question 11

Describe mitochondria (2)

Answer 11

• threadlike structures
• make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 12

Describe ribosomes (2)

Answer 12

• site of protein synthesis
• responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell

Question 13

What is the fucntion of the smooth ER?

Answer 13

produce enzymes that synthesise lipids

Question 14

Describe rough ER (2)

Answer 14

• covered with ribosomes
• produces certain proteins

Question 15

Describe function of golgi apparatus (3)

Answer 15

• produces carbohydrate molecules
• that combine with other molecules to form secretory products such as lipoproteins
• which allow fats to move through the water inside and outside cells

Question 16

describe lysosomes (2)

Answer 16

• digestive bodies
• that break down foreign or damaged materials in cells

Question 17

What are the functions of a cell? (7)

Answer 17

• Utilise food, water and oxygen to make energy
• Synthesise new substances
• Grow and divide
• Produce and secrete specialised substances
• Differentiate to perform specialised tasks
• Undergo movement
• Die (apoptosis)

Question 18

cell splits and 2 identical cells are made

Answer 18

Mitosis

Question 19

exclusively for sex cells, produces cells with half the genetic information

Answer 19

Meiosis

Question 20

When do cells begin to specialise?

Answer 20

during embryonic development

Question 21

4 main types of tissue

Answer 21

• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nervous

Question 22

4 types of epithelial tissue

Answer 22

• simple squamous
• simple cuboidal
• simple ciliated columnar
• simple non-ciliated columnar

Question 23

Description, location and function of simple squamous cells

Answer 23

• simple later of irregular flattened cells
• heart, blood vessels and alveoli
• primary function is to allow diffusion

Question 24

Description, location and function of simple cuboidal tissue

Answer 24

• single layer of cube shaped cells
• surface of ovary, eye, kidneys, GI tract
• primary functions are secretion and absorption

Question 25

Description, location and function of simple ciliated tissue

Answer 25

- single layer of rectangular cells, contains goblet cells and microvilli in some locations - upper respiratory tract, fallopian tubes and central canal of spinal cord - move fluid or particles along passageways via ciliary action

Question 26

Description and location of simple non-ciliated tissue

Answer 26

- single layer of rectangular cells - lines GI tract from stomach to anus

Question 27

What are the 2 types of muscle cell?

Answer 27

Smooth and muscle

Question 28

Which type of muscle cell cannot be controlled by will

Answer 28

smooth

Question 29

where do you find smooth muscle tissue

Answer 29

found in walls of hollow structures (stomach, heart, airways)

Question 30

which type of muscle cells produce slow and sustained contraction

Answer 30

smooth e.g. heartbeat

Question 31

where do you find skeletal muscle cells

Answer 31

attached to bone

Question 32

skeletal muscle is made up of smaller bundles called ____

Answer 32

fascicles

Question 33

which type of muscle tissue is voluntary

Answer 33

skeletal

Question 34

fasciles are made up of individual muscle cells called

Answer 34

myofibres or myocytes

Question 35

what surrounds the fascicles in skeletal muscle

Answer 35

perimysium (connective tissue sheath)

Question 36

what is the function of the endomysium

Answer 36

electrically insulates cells from eachother

Question 37

what is the endomysium

Answer 37

connective tissue sheath surrounding the enomysium

Question 38

function of nerve cell (2)

Answer 38

- convert a stimuli into a nerve impulse - transmit these to other nerve cells, muscle fibres or glands

Question 39

What are the 3 main portions of a nerve cell

Answer 39

- axon - cell body - dendrites

Question 40

function of nerve cell body

Answer 40

contains nucleus and organelles

Question 41

function of nerve cell axons

Answer 41

single long processes that conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body

Question 42

function of nerve cell dendrites

Answer 42

conduct stimuli from neighbouring cells

Question 43

what are adipocytes

Answer 43

fat cells

Question 44

where are most adipocytes found

Answer 44

under skin, supporting kidneys and eyes

Question 45

function of adipocytes

Answer 45

energy store, insulator, organ support

Question 46

define organs

Answer 46

groups of different tissues forming complex structures with a specialised function

Question 47

define system

Answer 47

groups of organs that function closely together