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PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Define ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

Parts of the upper resp. system (4)

A

nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinus
pharynx

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3
Q

which area of resp. system is:
* passageway for air and food
* houses tonsils
* resonating chamber for speech sounds

A

pharyx

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4
Q

short passageway which connects laryngopharynx to trachea

A

larynx

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5
Q

the trachea splits into left and right bronchi at the ____ border of the ____ thoracic vertebrae

A

superior, 5th

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6
Q

trachea is made of ___

A

horizontal rings of C shaped hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

bronchi is made of __ rings of cartilage

A

incomplete

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8
Q

secondary bronchi is called

A

lobar

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9
Q

which bronchi is wider, straighter and shorter? why?

A

right
presence of liver (and heart)

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10
Q

right lung has _ lobes
left lung has _ lobes

A

right: 3
left: 2

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11
Q

type of membrane covering lungs

A

serous double layered membrane

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12
Q

two types of pleura in serous double layered membrane

A

parietal
visceral

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13
Q

pleura lining the thoracic cavity

A

parietal

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14
Q

pleura covering lung surface

A

visceral

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15
Q

what’s the pleural cavity
what does it contain

A

space in between pleurae, contains lubricating fluid

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16
Q

alveolus is lined with which type of epithelial cell

A

simple squamous

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17
Q

alveolar secrete ____

A

alveolar fluid

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18
Q

respiratory membrane is formed by (2)

A

alveolar
capillary walls

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19
Q

lungs secrete fluid when ill. this can be trouble because…. (2)

A
  • it can build up in alveolar sacks
  • resulting in inadequate gas exchange
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20
Q

Function of pleural membrane

A

keeps lungs flexible

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21
Q

function of intercostal muscles

A

moves ribs during breathing

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22
Q

function of epiglottis

A

keeps food from entering airways

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23
Q

function of larynx

A

letting air pass through speech production

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24
Q

function of pulmonary artery

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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25
function of superior vena cava
Takes deoxygenated blood to heart from upper body
26
function of the inferior vena cava
Takes deoxygenated blood to heart from lower body
27
function of pulmonary veins
take oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
28
valve separating right a&v
tricuspid
29
valve separating right ventricle and pulmonary artery
pulmonary valve
30
valve separating left a&v
mitral
31
valve separating left ventricle and aorta
aortic
32
function of the aorta
takes oxygenated blood from heart to body
33
pulmonary vs systemic circuit
pulmonary = lungs systemic = rest of body
34
external respiration is
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood in the respiratory capillaries
35
What is Dalton's law?
P1 + P2 + P3 = P total
36
Henry's law
The amount of oxygen that dissolves into the bloodstream is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air
37
Internal respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in the systemic circulation
38
boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
39
define diaphragm
sheet of muscle separating thorax and abdomen
40
diaphragm is supplied by ___ nerve (C???)
phrenic C3, 4 and 5
41
injury to C3-5 can cause difficulty ___
breathing
42
use of shoulders, stomach, neck to breathe is called using ____
accessory mucsles
43
intercostal recession is caused by ___
use of accessory muscles
44
function of intercostal muscles
stiffen chest wall to prevent sucking in of wall
45
3 factors affecting ventilation
- compliance of lungs - surface tensions on alveolar fluid - airway resistance
46
what is 'compliance of the lungs'
the ease with which the lungs can inflate
47
compliance of lungs can be affected by (2)
elastic fibres in tissues surface tension of alveolar fluid
48
what is the tidal volume (TV)
air into lungs with each breath » around 500ml
49
anatomical dead space def.
air in conducting passages that doesn't participate in gas exchange
50
alveolar ventilation formulae
resp. rate x (tidal volume - anatomical dead space)
51
resp. rate and heart rate synchronisation is called
ventilation/perfusion coupling
52
why is ventilation/perfusion coupling important
ventilation should be matched to volume of blood perfusing the capillaries
53
what is physiological dead space in respiration
where ventilation and perfusion rate don't match and is inefficient
54
external respiration is efficient because (5)
1. high difference in partial pressure of gases 2. small diffusion distance 3. large surface area 4. gases are lipid soluble 5. ventilation well matched to perfusion
55
How many haem groups in a haemolgobin?
4
56
How many oxygens can each haem bind to?
1
57
When is haemoglobin fully saturated
When all 4 haem groups have bound to O2
58
when one O2 binds to one haem ring the structure changes to ___ the probability of binding with other sites
increase
59
as soon as a fully saturated molecule loses one of its O2 molecules probability of losing a second molecule is ___
increased
60
in the systemic circuit only about __% of HbO2 is unloaded to tissues
25
61
is there O2 in venous blood?
yes, the venous reserve
62
how much CO2 is produced per minute from metabolising tissues
200ml
63
What is stagnant hypoxia
circulation of blood through tissues is impaired
64
example of stagnant hypoxia
heart failure
65
what is hypoxic hypoxia
insufficient inspired oxygen
66
example of hypoxic hypoxia
altitude sickness, pulmonary diseases
67
what is anaemic hypoxia
too few red blood cells
68
example of anaemic hypoxia
anemia, haemorrhage, abnormal Hb
69
what is histotoxic hypoxia
internal/cellular respiration enzymes are poisoned
70
example of histotoxic hypoxia
cyanide poisoning, heavy exercise
71
what is ischemic hypoxia
inadequate blood flow to a tissue
72
example of ischemic hypoxia
trauma, disease, open fracture, blood clot
73
What are the 3 areas of the respiratory centre in the brain?
1. Pneumotaxic area 2. Apneustic area 3. Medulla rhythmicity area
74
Location and function of pneumotaxic area
- In the pons - Inhibitory effects to stop prolonged inhilation
75
Location and function of apneustic area
- lower pons - prolongs inhalation
76
location and function of medulla rhythmicity area
- in medulla oblongata - controls basic breathing rhythm and rate
77
Why can trauma to back of head compromise breathing?
Respiratory centre is located there
78
4 types of respiratory regulation
1. voluntary 2. chemoreceptor 3. proprioceptor 4. inflation reflex
79
How does a chemoreceptor regulate respiration
responds to chemical changes in the partial pressures of CO2 and H+ concentrations
80
How does a proprioceptor regulate respiration
monitors muscle movements and responds
81
What does the inflation reflex do?
stops over-inflation of the lungs
82
What is respiratory acidosis (3)
- reduced resp. rate increases CO2 conc - leads to increased H+ - makes blood more acidic
83
What is respiratory alkalosis
- increased resp rate decreases CO2 conc - decreased H+ conc. - alkaline blood
84
Potential causes of resp. acidosis
head injury, asthasma, COPD
85
Potential causes of resp. alkalosis
pain, emotions
86
What is metabolic acidosis
- amount of HCO3- decreased - or H+ levels increased - blood acidic
87
Potential causes of metabolic acidosis
increased lost of HCO3- from kidneys, failure of kidneys to excrete H+ ions
88
What is metabolic alkalosis
- amount of HCO3- increases or H+ decreased - blood alkaline
89
potential causes of metabolic alkalosis
sodium bicarbonate overdose, prolonged vomiting (loss of stomach acid)
90
What is respiratory compensation
resp. rates change to help alter pH levels

PARA4012: Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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