Levels Of Processing Memory Model Flashcards
(19 cards)
What are the three levels of processing?
Structural
Phonetic
Semantic
What do Craik & Lockhart say is important about rehearsal?
The type of processing, not the amount.
What is structural processing?
Processing words by how they look (ink colour, lower case etc)
What is phonetic processing?
Processing information by the way it sounds.
What is semantic processing?
Processing information by its meaning.
What does recall depend on according to the Levels Of Processing Model?
How deeply information is processed.
What are the two types of rehearsal?
Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Repeating a word.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Processing meaning.
What was the aim of the Craik & Tulving study?
To investigate the effect of the depth of processing on memory.
Describe the method of the Craik & Tulving study:
They presented a list of words using a tachistoscope. Following each word, participants were made to answer either a structural, phonetic or semantic question. To the participants surprise, they were then asked to recall the words on the original list.
What were the results of the Craik & Tulving study?
Words processed at the semantic level were recognised more often (65%) than those processed phonetically (37%) and structurally (17%)
What did the Levels Of Processing Model first propose? (Strength)
That material can be processed in a number of different ways.
How can the Levels of Processing Model be applied to real life situations? (Strength)
It can be used in education. If children are using deep processing at the time of receiving information then it will leave them with durable memories.
What does the Levels of Processing Model fail to do? (Weakness)
It does not adequately explain memory.
What does the Levels of Processing Model lack and why? (Weakness)
It lacks credibility as it’s explanation of memory is limited.
What did Morris et al find in his study? (Weakness)
That recall depends on the relevance of the processing to the memory test and that semantic processing is not always superior to phonetic processing.
What did Fisher & Craik show? (Weakness)
In some circumstances, the use of rhymes produced better retention than those using semantic rehearsal. This shows that the model may not be correct in all situations.
How does the Bower & Karlin study support the Levels of Processing Model? (Strength)
It shows that deeper processing resulted in better recall. They asked participants to judge whether faces were male or female (shallow processing) or to judge how honest or likeable they were (deeper processing). The deeper processing led to better recognition in a later test.
