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English📖 > Lexis🍋 > Flashcards

Lexis🍋 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Colloquialisms

A

Informal words, slang or phrases that are often used in comfortable environments.

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2
Q

Taboo/expletives

A

Swearing

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3
Q

Semantic field

A

Where words share a common theme or idea

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4
Q

Collocation

A

Typical phrases/words that go together

E.g. ‘bride and groom’ or ‘salt and pepper’

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5
Q

Filler/voiced pauses

A

E.g. ‘er’ ‘um’ ‘ah’

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6
Q

Dialect

A

The words and grammar we use

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7
Q

Idiolect

A

Our distinctive and individual style of speaking

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8
Q

Sociolect

A

Language used by a social group.

This creates a group membership and social identity.

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9
Q

Neologism

A

New words that enter the language

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10
Q

Denotation

A

The literal meaning of a sign

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11
Q

Connotation

A

The associated meaning of a sign

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12
Q

Paranomasia/pun

A

A play on words for comedic effect or to stimulate thinking

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13
Q

Initialism

A

Words that are shortened via letters.

E.g. ‘brb’

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14
Q

Jargon

A

Also known as specialist lexis.

Subject specific terms

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15
Q

Hedging

A

Softening language

E.g. ‘kinda’, ‘sort of’

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16
Q

Minimal responses

A

Words to show we are listening

E.g. ‘mm’, ‘yeah’

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17
Q

Recasting

A

When caregivers repeat words in the accurate way to educate children on standard words

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18
Q

Vulgarism

A

Language which falls short of taboo but is still not usually used in polite society

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19
Q

Conjunction/connection

A

Function words that link part of a sentence together

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20
Q

Interjection/exclamation

A

E.g. ‘hey’, ‘oi’, ‘ouch’, ‘huh’

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21
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

Where a word or phrase has more than one potential meaning

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22
Q

Vague language

A

Unassertive language

E.g. ‘something’, ‘thingymajig’, ‘and all that’

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23
Q

Vernacular

A

The style of speech we chose to adopt in certain situations

E.g. an informal vernacular with friends

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24
Q

Anaphora

A

Form of syntactic parallelism

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a successive clause

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25
Anadiplosis
Form of syntactic parallelism | Th repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a successive clause, which begins the next
26
Syntactic parallelism
Repetition in adjacent clauses and sentences
27
Antonym
Word opposites
28
Euphemism
Another way of phrasing something without explicitly saying it. E.g. passed away
29
Dysphemism
A word or phrase people use to make something or someone sound negative, bad or unlikeable.
30
Malapropism/untypical collocation
Where a text uses an incorrect collocation
31
Polysemy/the use of polysemes
When ambiguity arises from having many possible meanings for a word or phrase
32
Homophones
Two or more words have the same pronunciation but different meanings
33
Homographs
Two or more words have the same spelling but different meanings
34
Homonym
Umbrella term for homophones and homographs
35
Anglo-Saxon
Structure words Familiar everyday words Monosyllabic words
36
French
Elegant and sophisticated words | Originate from France
37
Latinate
Long, impressive words | Polysyllabic words
38
Generalisation/extension/broadening
``` Use of a word in a broader realm of meaning than it originally possessed. Often refers to all items in a class rather than one specific item. ```
39
Specialisation
The opposite of generalisation. | Narrowing of a word.
40
Amelioration
A word’s meaning improves or becomes elevated, coming to represent something more favourable than it originally referred to
41
Pejoration
A word’s meaning worsens or degenerates, coming to represent something less favourable than it originally did
42
Etymology
A word’s origin, history and journey
43
Polysemy
Where a word has two or more meanings | The linguistic term for lexical ambiguity
44
Semantic change
The collective term for generalisation, specialisation, amelioration and peroration
45
Atypical collocation/malapropism
Unfamiliar collocations
46
Antithesis
The linguistic term for opposite
47
Positive reinforcement/expressives
Encouraging words used by one speaker to another, especially towards children to make it more likely the behaviour will occur in the future. Often shows a power inbalance.
48
Marked term
Words that standout from the norm | E.g. princess, priestess, governess
49
Unmarked terms
The normal form of a word | E.g. Prince, priest, governor
50
Negative reinforcement
When a caregiver corrects a child to help them learn, in the hope that the child will then imitate this behaviour
51
Operant conditioning
Umbrella term for positive and negative reinforcement. Where a child tries out all sorts of utterances and is conditioned to repeat certain language patterns through negative and positive reinforcement.
52
Affirmatives
Agreement words | Used in positive reinforcement
53
Proto-words
Neologised words a child consistently uses
54
Reduplication
Repeated syllables | E.g. ‘da-da’ - dad
55
Overextension
* Where a child over applies a lexical category * Can say ‘experimenting with lexical development’ * E.g. calling all animals dogs
56
Underextension
* Under applying a lexical category | * E.g. assuming their dog is the only ‘dog’ in the world
57
Categorical overextension
* One word is applied to everything in that category * Can say ‘experimenting with a label’ * E.g. calling all round fruit ‘apple’
58
Analogical overextension
* One word is used to describe something in a different category * Usually size and shape based * E.g. calling an apple and the moon ‘ball’
59
Mismatch statements (overextension)
* Where children use a random word with loose associations with the objects * This might be through the environment or the child’s personal experience * E.g. ‘duck’ when they see a pond
60
Back-channeling
Words, phrases and non-verbal utterances used by a listener to give feedback to a speaker that the message is being followed and understood E.g. “I see” “oh” “uh huh”
61
Interactional talk
Language in conversation used for interpersonal reasons and/or socialising
62
Repairs
An alteration that is suggested or made by a speaker, the addressee, or audience in order to correct or clarify a previous conversational contribution
63
Transactional talk
Language to get things done or to transmit content or information
64
Diminutive
•Version of a noun that refers to a small version of something (adding a prefix or suffix) -E.g. notelet, kitchenette, duckling •Version of a noun that indicated familiarity or fondness (adding a suffix) -E.g. Aussie, sweetie, champers •A short form of a personal name -E.g. Tim, Katy
65
Epiphora/epistrophe
Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a successive clause
66
What could be the word ‘like’ used for?
* Quotative * Hedge * Filled pause
67
Contextual factors of the word like
* Attitudes of this word are overwhelmingly negative * Despite this, their usage remains common * May have some covert prestige within a particular social group * Could relate to Accommodation theory
68
Hyponymy
The study of hyponyms and hypernyms | Umbrella term
69
Hyponym
A word that describes things more specifically | E.g. proper nouns - Niagra Falls
70
Hypernym
A word that refers to broad cafe fires or general concepts | E.g. dog is a hypernym of border terrier
71
What is another word for holophrase?
Operator
72
Regional variation
Our accent and dialect choices
73
Semantic drift
* A process of linguistic change over a period of time in regards to lexis and how words evolved * Synonymous with semantic change
74
Idiosyncratic
Peculiar to the modern reader

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