Pragmatics🍊 Flashcards
1
Q
Metaphor
A
Saying something is something else
2
Q
Hyperbole
A
Exaggeration of language
3
Q
Shared understanding
A
Insider knowledge
4
Q
Deictics/deixis/deictic information/indexicals/ indexical featutes
A
Context dependant words
5
Q
Allusion
A
Indirect reference
6
Q
Grice’s Maxims
A
Manner
Quality
Quantity
Relevance
7
Q
Accommodation theory
A
When a speaker adjusts to accommodate the person they are speaking to
Giles
8
Q
Convergence
A
Make speech closer to the other’s Upwards - towards higher class Downwards - towards lower class
9
Q
Referential
A
Information giving
10
Q
Transactional
A
Getting something done
11
Q
Interactional
A
Talking for social purposes
12
Q
Phatic
A
Small talk
13
Q
Expressive
A
Showing emotion
14
Q
Flout
A
A deliberate breaking of a maxim where those concerned are aware
15
Q
Violate
A
Where one person is not aware of breaking a maxim
16
Q
Primary deixis/exophoric
A
Context bound
17
Q
Person deixis
A
Pronouns
18
Q
Spatial deixis
A
Words describing the speaker in space or relation to other objects
19
Q
Temporal deixis
A
Words describing the speaker in terms of time
20
Q
Proximal deixis
A
This is where the situation is near to the speaker
21
Q
Distal deixis
A
Used to express distance
22
Q
Secondary deixis/endophoric
A
When a text refers to another part of itself
23
Q
Anaphoric
A
Refers to something the text has previously identified
24
Q
Cataphoric
A
Refers to something within a text which has not yet been identified
25
Context dependency/context - bound
Language specific to the context that creates a shared knowledge
26
Paralanguage
Body language
27
Honorifics
Using terms of adress
28
Hypocorism
Nicknames/pet names
29
Personal identity
All about the self and how we have individual identities that evolve over the course of our lives
30
Social identity
How we identify ourselves in a particular society
31
Negative politeness
Not imposing upon others.
Tend to opt for speech strategies that emphasise respect.
Over the top politeness.
Suggests a distant tenor and power asymmetry.
32
Implicature
An indirect meaning that arises from a sentence/utterance or maxims being flouted
33
Diminutives
A form of hypocorism with an ‘ee’ sound, e.g. mummy, sweetie, honey
34
Positive politeness
The desire to be liked/ appreciated.
Where there’s is usually an equal power balance or near to.
Emphasise solidarity with the person being addressed.
35
How does positive politeness avoid FTAs?
Showing solidarity.
| By appealing to the listeners positive face.
36
Positive face
The need to be liked and admired
37
FTA
Face threatening act
38
Challenging face
Telling someone what to do.
| Disagreeing with them or showing you do not value their beliefs and attitudes.
39
Ways of protecting face
```
Words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’
Modal verbs to imply negotiation
Conditional clauses
Hedges
‘We’ or ‘us’
```
40
Negative face
The need not to be imposed upon
41
How does negative politeness avoid FTAs?
Showing respect.
| By appealing to the hearer’s negative face.
42
Off the record/indirect request
This includes indirect speech acts
43
How does off the record avoid FTAs?
Not making a request at all, but instead providing an implicature that must be inferred to be a request by the hearer.
44
Bald on-record
Does nothing to minimise the hearer’s face.
Direct way of communicating.
No effort made to avoid FTAs.
45
Opt out
Say nothing
46
Who is Goffman?
Created face work concept
47
Who are Brown and Levison?
Extended Goffman’s idea of face and identified two types of face.
48
Electronic mode
The mode a webpage comes under
49
Ethos
Language where the speaker is fair, considerate, knowledgeable and trustworthy
50
Pathos
Language that works on the emotions of the audience
51
Logos
Language that is based on reasoned argument
| It helps to convince the reader of the logic of the topic/argument
52
Ideographs
When abstract nouns have emotional impact
53
Synchronous
Immediate time
54
Asynchronous
Delayed time
55
Verbal irony
When words express something contrary to the truth or someone says the opposite of what they really mean or feel.
Often sarcastic - verbal irony with attitude
56
Situational irony
Actions have an effect which is the opposite from what was intended, so that outcome is contrary to what was expected.
Reasonable expectations are not met.
57
Dramatic irony
When the audience knows more than the character/people involved.
58
Ephemeral
Where a text is short lived
| The opposite of permanent
59
Sub-text
Another term for implicature
60
Maxim of manner
Theory about clarity
61
Maxim of relevance
Theory about staying on topic in a conversation
62
Maxim of quantity
Theory about saying the right amount in a conversation
63
Maxim of quality
Theory about truthfulness
64
Dialogic mode
Interactive texts, full of exchanges and adjacent pairs
65
Power asymmetry
Where there is a power imbalance between speakers.
| Another word for unequal encounter
66
Gender
How you identify
67
Sex
Biological differences
68
Hegemony
Society’s expectations of male and female behaviour.
| Prototypical man and woman
69
Stereotyping
Assigning a set of characteristics to a group as a whole, often with negative connotations
70
Hegemonic man
```
Athletic
Work oriented
Competitive
Dominant
Unemotional
```
71
Hegemonic woman
```
Aesthetic
Domesticated
Maternal
Submissive
Emotional
```
72
Gender bias
It favours a certain gender over another
73
Gender neutral
Using language to avoid creating a gender bias
74
Default assumption
Where we assume unless we are told otherwise
75
Referential code
Code formulated through shared knowledge references
76
More knowledgeable other
Other people who play a significant role in advancing a child’s development.
Could be an adult or older sibling
77
Child-directed speech
A form of caregiver language that involves caregivers accommodating towards the way a child will speak, e.g monosyllabic words, simplified grammar, repetition etc.
78
Vocative
A term used to address people or things
| E.g. dad, mum
79
Topic shifts
Changes of topic. Utterances that initiate them are termed ‘topic shifters’
Sign of conversational dominance
80
Presupposition
Linguistic term for assumption
81
Egocentric speech (child language)
* Involves a child talking to him or herself for self-guidance, usually through an activity
* E.g. a 4 year old girl may say things aloud when playing on her own or explain what she is doing, as if she was talking to someone
82
Sociodramatic play (begins 3/4 years old) (child language)
* Children play together using role play because it is enjoyable but it also practices social interactions and negotiation skills with players’ roles often decided as they play
* Links to Halliday’s imaginative function
* In pretend-play, they often use field-specific lexis and structure utterances in formulaic ways that adults use, suggesting that they observe and imitate adult behaviour
* Links to Skinner
83
What’s another name for pretend play?
Role play
84
Metonymy
* A figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated
* Like a subtle metaphor
* E.g. ‘lend a hand’
85
Collaborative talk
* Language used to build a close rapport/tenor with the recipient
* Includes minimal responses and back-channelling devices as well as other oriented photic tokens amongst more
86
Demotic identity
Where a speaker uses their individual idiolect/sociolect in conversation, you can say they are demonstrating a demotic identity
87
Litote
Ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary
•E.g. I did quite well (on a test that you got 100% on)
88
Rhetoric devices
In rhetoric, a rhetorical device, persuasive device, or stylistic device is a technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of persuading them
