LFS101x

Question 1

When was Linux’ inception?

Answer 1

1991

Question 2

The world’s largest and most pervasive open source software project in history

Answer 2

Linux

Question 3

What does the Linux Foundation do?

Answer 3

Partners with the world’s leading developers and companies to solve the hardest technology problems and accelerate open technology development and commercial adoption

Question 4

Who is the creator of Linux?

Answer 4

Linus Torvalds as a student in Helsinki, Finland, in 1991

Question 5

The three major families of Linux distributions?

Answer 5

1. ) Red Hat (including CentOS, Fedora, Oracle Linux)
2. ) SUSE (including openSUSE)
3. ) Debian (including Ubuntu and Linux Mint)

Question 6

Which distribution is used as a testing platform for future RHEL releases?

Answer 6

Fedora

Question 7

The most popular Linux distribution in enterprise environments?

Answer 7

RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux)

Question 8

The basic version of what distribution is also virtually identical to RHEL?

Answer 8

CentOS

Question 9

Which distribution provides by far the largest and most complete software repository to its users of any Linux distribution?

Answer 9

Debian

Question 10

Which distribution is a pure open source community project? (Not owned by any corporation)

Answer 10

Debian

Question 11

What is a LTS version of a distribution?

Answer 11

Long term support

Question 12

This distribution is widely used for cloud deployments

Answer 12

Unbuntu

Question 13

The umbrella organization for many critical open source projects that power corporations, spanning all industry sectors

Answer 13

The Linux Foundation

Question 14

The original operating system Linux was developed for?

Answer 14

Intel x86-based personal computers

Question 15

Linux borrows heavily from which well-established operating system?

Answer 15

UNIX

Question 16

The core of the operating system

Answer 16

The Linux Kernel

Question 17

What does a full Linux distribution consist of?

Answer 17

The kernel plus a number of other software tools for file-related operations, user management, and software package management

Question 18

Why might a Linux distribution use an older version of the kernel?

Answer 18

It’s extremely stable

Question 19

The procedure for initializing the system

Answer 19

The Linux boot process

This consists of everything from when the power is first switched on until the user interface is fully operational

Question 20

Steps in the boot process

Answer 20

1. Power On
2. BIOS
3. Master Boot Record (MBR)
4. Boot Loader (e.g. GRUB)
5. Kernel
6. Initial RAM disk (initramfs)
7. /sbin/init
8. Command Shell Using Getty
9. X-Windows System (GUI)

Question 21

What does BIOS stand for?

Answer 21

Basic Input/Output System

Question 22

Where is the BIOS software is stored?

Answer 22

On a Read-Only Memory (ROM) chip on the motherboard

Question 23

What happens when the computer is powered on?

Answer 23

POST (Power On Self Test)

Question 24

What happens during POST (Power On Self Test)?

Answer 24

The BIOS initializes the hardware, including the screen and keyboard, and tests the main memory

Question 25

Once the POST is completed what happens?

Answer 25

The system control passes from the BIOS to the boot loader (GRUB)

Question 26

Where is the boot loader is usually stored?

Answer 26

The boot sector (for traditional BIOS/MBR systems) The EFI partition (for more recent (Unified) Extensible Firmware Interface or EFI/UEFI systems)

Question 27

Where is information on date, time, and the most important peripherals loaded from?

Answer 27

CMOS - A battery-powered memory store which allows the system to keep track of the date and time even when it is powered off

Question 28

The most common boot loaders?

Answer 28

GRUB (for GRand Unified Boot loader) ISOLINUX (for booting from removable media) DAS U-Boot (for booting on embedded devices/appliances)

Question 29

What is the boot loader responsible for loading?

Answer 29

The kernel image and the initial RAM disk or filesystem This contains some critical files and device drivers needed to start the system

Question 30

For systems using the BIOS/MBR method where does the boot loader reside?

Answer 30

The first sector of the hard disk, also known as the Master Boot Record (MBR)

Question 31

What is the size of the Master Boot Record (MBR)?

Answer 31

512 bytes

Question 32

What are the two distinct stages of the boot loader? (BIOS/MBR)

Answer 32

1. ) The boot loader examines the partition table and finds a bootable partition 2. ) Then it searches for the second stage boot loader (GRUB), and loads it into RAM

Question 33

What are the two distinct stages of the boot loader? (EFI/UEFI)

Answer 33

1. ) UEFI firmware reads its Boot Manager data to determine which UEFI application is to be launched and from which disk and partition the EFI partition can be found 2. ) The firmware then launches the UEFI application (GRUB) as defined in the boot entry in the firmware's boot manager

Question 34

Where does the second stage boot loader reside?

Answer 34

/boot

Question 35

What happens when the second stage boot loader is run?

Answer 35

1. ) A splash screen is displayed, which allows us to choose which operating system (OS) to boot 2. ) The boot loader loads the kernel of the selected operating system into RAM and passes control to it 3. ) The kernel uncompresses itself 4. ) The kernel checks and analyzes the system hardware and initializes any hardware device drivers built into the kernel

Question 36

What contains programs and binary files that perform all actions needed to mount the proper root filesystem?

Answer 36

The initramfs filesystem image

Question 37

This program instructs the operating system that a filesystem is ready for use

Answer 37

mount

Question 38

This handles the mounting and pivoting over to the final real root filesystem

Answer 38

init

Question 39

What starts a number of text-mode login prompts?

Answer 39

init

Question 40

How can the terminals which run the command shells be accessed?

Answer 40

Using the ALT key plus a function key Within a graphical environment, switching to a text console requires pressing CTRL-ALT + the appropriate function key (with F7 or F1 leading to the GUI)

Question 41

What does bash stand for?

Answer 41

Bourne Again Shell by GNU

Question 42

What happens when the kernel is loaded in RAM?

Answer 42

It immediately initializes and configures the computer’s memory and also configures all the hardware attached to the system

Question 43

What is init responsible for?

Answer 43

1. ) Starting the system 2. ) Keeping the system running 3. ) Shutting it down cleanly