Liberal State - Giolitti, Nationalists and Foreign Policy

Question 1

Where did the largest threat to Giolitti’s programme come from?

Answer 1

The nationalists, a new, dynamic force, that was growing in strength at the start of the 20th century

Question 2

What in Italy had meant that the nationalist movement gained particular strength?

Answer 2

The failures of the values of risorgimento, the defeat of the Battle of Adwa, the country’s weakness as a world power and the shame delt at the fact that millions of Italians had to leave the country for a better life.

Question 3

What were the nationalists beliefs?

Answer 3

Antisocialism, Antiliberalism, and believed only through aggressive foreign policy that looked to expand Italy’s power in Africa and claim the irredente lands could Italy assert itself a world power

Question 4

What did the nationalist mission aim to do?

Answer 4

Unite the differing classes of Italians with their patriotic love for Italy and sweep away the decadent liberal order that had failed to uphold the values and potential of Risorgimento

Question 5

Who mainly supported the nationalist movement?

Answer 5

The educated middle classes

Question 6

Why did the educated middle classes mainly support the nationalist movement?

Answer 6

They viewed it in terms of a force for national reward which would undermine the rising popularity of socialism and destroy the cynical corruption of Rome

Question 7

What did nationalists believe about liberal values?

Answer 7

They only encourage selfish individualism and Italy couldn’t be great until Italians realised the nation was more important than shallow individual needs and were prepared to die for their country

Question 8

ANI

Answer 8

Associazione Nazionalista Italiana made by nationalists in 1910

Question 9

Associazione Nazionalista Italiana (ANI)

Answer 9

Made by nationalists to bring the differing currents of nationalism into a formalised orginisation

Question 10

Who was the leader of the ANI?

Answer 10

Enrico Corradini

Question 11

Why did Giolitti find the Nationalists hard to deal with?

Answer 11

Unlike Socialists or Catholics, Nationalists saw Giolitti and liberals as representing everything that was weak and corrupt about Italy and needed to be overthrown

Question 12

How did Giolitti first try to boost Italian support for his leadership?

Answer 12

Through a liberal programme of reform and economic modernisation which he hoped would encourage Italians to view liberals in a more positive light and then undermine the nationalists growing support

Question 13

What was the outcome of Giolitti’s liberal programme of reform and economic modernisation?

Answer 13

It failed to halt the rise of nationalism

Question 14

Why did Giolitti’s liberal programme of reform and economic modernisation fail to halt the rise of nationalism?

Answer 14

Nationalism had a greater attraction than liberalism in its more passionate and patriotic message which promised to unite Italian people under a powerful and assertive Italy?

Question 15

What did Giolitti decide to do about Nationalism in 1911?

Answer 15

Embrace it by expanding Italy’s empire in North Africa through the invasion of Libya

Question 16

What was the state of the Triple Alliance in 1911?

Answer 16

There were signs of strain

Question 17

Why were there signs of strain in the Triple Alliance in 1911?

Answer 17

Italy’s key interest in the Balkans clashed with its supposed ally Austria who also held the territory that many Italians believed was rightfully theirs

Question 18

What did Nationalists pressure Giolitti to do about Austria?

Answer 18

Take a more aggressive stance. In 1911 he was prepared to expand Italy’s Colonial empire

Question 19

What was the first reason for the war with the Ottoman empire over Libya?

Answer 19

Italy signed a deal in 1902 to support French expansion in Morocco for French backing Italian influence in Libya. In 1911, France was consolidating Moroccan control and Giolitti feared it was preparing to break the deal and expand into Libya

Question 20

Why did Giolitti’s fears over France breaking the 1902 deal lead to war with the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 20

Because another national humiliation like the one other Tunisia was unthinkable

Question 21

What was the second reason for the war with the Ottoman empire over Libya?

Answer 21

An invasion of Libya by Italians would gain the support of the Catholic Church who had financial interests in Libya

Question 22

What was the overall reason for Giolitti and the war with the Ottoman Empire over Libya?

Answer 22

An invasion would gain the support of both the influential nationalist and catholic organisations and unite the people behind his liberal government

Question 23

How successful was Giolitti in gaining the support of both the influential nationalist and catholic organisations?

Answer 23

Successful, Invasion of Libya, 29 September 1911, was greeted with an outpouring of national enthusiasm even from socialist leaders

Question 24

Why did Socialist leaders support the Invasion of Libya?

Answer 24

Leaders such as Bissolati hoped that acquiring the colony could provide land for Italy’s poor peasantry

Question 25

What happened during the Invasion of Libya?

Answer 25

Italy naval forces seized most of Libya’s Ports and Coastal towns within only 3 weeks. 70,000 troops committed in the invasion.

Question 26

[Gap fill] Giolitti had hoped that the L___ _______ would greet the Italians as _______ from the _______ ____ but this did not happen, hampering Italy’s attempt to ____ _____ of the country.

Answer 26

Giolitti had hoped that the Libyan population would greet the Italians as liberators from the Ottoman rule but this did not happen, hampering Italy’s attempt to gain control of the country.

Question 27

What did Giolitti do to put pressure on the Ottomans elsewhere?

Answer 27

Got Italian forces to occupy 13 Turkish held islands in the Aegean war

Question 28

Who had Turkey begun war with in October 1912?

Answer 28

Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece

Question 29

When did the Ottomans formally surrender control of Libya to the Italians?

Answer 29

8th October

Question 30

What was the short-term outcome of success of Giolitti’s programmes?

Answer 30

• Social reforms encouraged the support of PSI deputies in parliament
• CC less antagonistic to the state and were cooperating
• Nationalist support for the government