Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Spring 2024 > Life 103 Final > Flashcards

Life 103 Final Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

3 components to circulatory systems

A

circulatory fluid, set of tubes, muscular pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What class of organisms have a body cavity that is only 2 cells thick and that encloses a gastrovascular cavity (simplest form)?

A

Cnidarians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Small and simple organisms use what in place of a circulatory system?

A

Passive Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The fraction of the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells

A

Hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 types of leukocytes

A

Granular and Agranular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cells are classified as Granular leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cells are classified as Agranular leukocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Hematopoiesis

A

blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 types of stem cells

A

Lymphoid and Myeloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Erythropoietin?

A

stimulates the production of erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Somatic NS do?

A

stimulates skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does Autonomic NS do?

A

stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of sensory neurons?

A

carry impulses to central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of motor neurons?

A

carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of interneurons?

A

provides more complex reflexes and associative functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Basic components of neurons

A

cell body, dendrites, and axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Enlarged part of a neuron containing nucleus

A

Cell Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Short part of a neuron, cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Single, long extension of a neuron that conducts impulses away from cell body

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Produce myelin sheaths surrounding axons.

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Support neurons both structurally and functionally

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Negative pole

A

cytoplasmic side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Positive pole

A

extracellular fluid side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
3 things that make up the interior of a cell in the nervous system
1. Sodium-potassium pump 2. ion leakage channels 3. differential distribution of other ions and molecules across the pm
26
Balance between diffusional force and electrical force
Equilibrium Potential
27
2 types of synapses
Presynaptic and postsynaptic
28
Function of presynaptic cell
transmits action potential
29
Function of postsynaptic cell
receives action potential
30
Neurotransmitters (4)
Acetylcholine, Amino Acids, Biogenic Amines, Neuropeptides
31
Type of Neurotransmitter: - Crosses the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber - Binds to receptor in the postsynaptic membrane - Causes ligand-gated ion channels to open - Stimulates muscle contraction
Acetylcholine
32
Function of Acetylcholinesterase
Breaks down ACh and causes muscle relaxation
33
2 types of amino acids that are involved in neurotransmitters
Glutamate, Glycine and GABA
34
Role of Glutamate in nervous system
Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS
35
Role of Glycine and GABA in the nervous system
are inhibitory neurotransmitters Open ligand-gated channels for Cl- Produce a hyperpolarization called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
36
4 types of Biogenic Amines in the nervous system
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine Dopamine, Serotonin
37
Function of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the nervous system
are responsible for the “fight or flight” response
38
Function of dopamine in the nervous system
is used in some areas of the brain that control body movements Also acts outside the nervous system as a paracrine messenger and vasodilator
39
Function of serotonin in the nervous system? What hormone is it coupled with?
Is involved in the regulation of sleep Coupled with hormone melatonin
40
Neuropeptides involved in the nervous system
Substance P and Nitric Oxide
41
Function of Substance P in the nervous system
(small peptide) is released from sensory neurons activated by painful stimuli
42
Function of Nitric Oxide in the nervous system
Causes smooth muscle relaxation
43
Increased signal speed in an axon can be caused by:
increased diameter of axon and saltatory conduction via nodes of Ranvier
44
2 ways that the membrane can reach the threshold voltage
Spatial Summation and Temporal Summation
45
secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses including reproduction, development, energy, metabolism, growth, and behavior
Endocrine system
46
conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons; these signals regulate other cells
Nervous System
47
How many human hormones have been identified?
70
48
are chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body
Hormones
49
What do exogenous chemicals do to hormone signaling?
interfere with hormone signaling
50
Secreted Chemicals Include:
1. Hormones 2. Local Regulators 3. Neurotransmitters 4. Neurohormones 5. Pheromones
51
Have ducts and secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities Ex: tear ducts, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, mammary glands, stomach
Exocrine glands
52
Examples of Exocrine Glands
tear ducts, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, mammary glands, stomach
53
How do hormones work?
Chemical signals bind to receptors on target cells Only target cells respond to the signal Hormone is expressed as needed
54
are chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion
Local Regulators
55
What do local regulators help to do?
Help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction
56
2 Groups of Local Regulators
Paracrine and Autocrine
57
Which group of local regulators? Signals act on cells near the secreting cells
Paracrine Signaling
58
Which group of local regulators? Signals act on the secreting cell itself
Autocrine Signaling
59
Cell to cell signaling driven by nervous system
Synaptic signaling
60
Chemical signals released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species Mark traits to food sources, warn of predators, and attract mates
Pheromones
61
3 major classes of hormones in vertebrates
Polypeptides (proteins and peptides) Amines (derived from amino acids) Steroid hormones
62
Pass easily through cell membranes Diffuse across cell membranes, travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells
Lipophilic Hormones
63
(Polypeptides and Amines) Do not Are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors
Hydrophilic Hormones
64
What factor of a hormone correlates with the location of receptors inside or on the surface of target cells?
Solubility
65
Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway leading to responses in the cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression.
Water Soluble Pathway
66
Lipid-soluble hormone is usually a change in gene expression Steroids, thyroid hormones, and the hormonal form of vitamin D enter target cells and bind to protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Lipid Pathway
67
Act as transcription factors in the nucleus, regulating transcription of specific genes
Protein-receptor complexes
68
Where is Vitamin D found?
Formed in the skin of vertebrates Feathers and Fur block the skin Oily secretions on fur generate the vitamin and licking absorbs it
69
Where is Vitamin D transported and what is it converted into?
Transported to the liver Converted into physiological active form
70
What does Vitamin D regulate?
Calcium and phosphate in the blood Cell proliferation and apoptosis Neuromuscular function
71

Spring 2024 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions