life Flashcards
(48 cards)
the process of ingesting and absorbing food to provide the energy for life, promote growth, and repair or replace damages tissues.
a. Nutrition
involves movement of nutrients water, ions, and other materials into and out of the various cells and tissues of organisms. This process includes absorption of small molecules across cell membranes and secretion of biochemicals such as enzymes, mucous, and hormones. In many species, the circulatory system plays an important role in transport.
b. Transport
includes the process by which nutrients and simple molecules are used to form more complex molecules for growth, repair, and reproduction (anabolism). Metabolism also includes the process of breaking down complex molecules to release energy from chemical bonds (catabolism) and to provide small molecules such as simple sugars and amino acids as budding blocks for more complex molecules (anabolism).
c. Metabolism
refers to the process which builds molecules the body needs; it usually requires energy for completion
Anabolism
refers to the process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules; it usually releases energy for the organism to use.
Catabolism
d. An internal balance in all aspects of metabolism and biological function is called *.
homeostasis
is a special form of catabolism that breaks food down into smaller molecules and releases energy.
e. Digestion
allows small molecules to pass through cell membranes throughout the body tissues. This allows for a gas exchange and in some species such as plants and fungi nutrients are obtained by absorption from soil and water.
f. Absorption
is the reproduction without the use of gametes or sex cells. One parent organism ran reproduce by itself.
- Asexual
is the splitting of the body of an organism into two identical parts. (e.g., Paramecia and planaria)
a. Fission
is the growing of bud out of the parent cells of bodies which when detached can grow into another organism that resembles the appearance of parent (e.g., sponges, and yeast)
b. Budding -
is the spore formation as in fern plant and mushrooms.
c. Sporulation
requires the union of male and female gametes called “fertilization”. Male gametes are called sperm cells and female gametes are called egg cells. Fertilization is classified into two types, namely:
- Sexual
the union of sperm cells and egg cells happen outside the body of the female organisms. (e.g., seashells, starfishes, frogs, fishes)
a. External Fertilization -
the union of sperm cells and egg cells happen inside the body of a female organism (e.g., higher forms of animals and human)
b. Internal Fertilization -
produces pores for propagation
Non- flowering or non seed forming plants
seeds are expose or naked, meaning they are not enclosed within fruits. They do not produce fruits, instead they form cones.
a. Gymnosperms
sees are found within fruits.
b. Angiosperms
Similar kinds of cells are organized into structural and functional units, or tissues, which make up the plant as a whole, and new cells (and tissues) are formed at growing points of actively dividing cells. These growing points, called * , are located either at the stem and root tips (), where they are responsible for the primary growth of plants, or laterally in stems and roots (), where they are responsible for secondary plants growth.
meristems, apical meristems, lateral meristems
Three tissue systems are recognized in vascular plants:
dermal, vascular, and ground (or fundamental).
The dermal system consists of the * , or outermost layer, of the plants body. It forms the skin of the plants, covering the leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, and seeds. Epidermal cells vary greatly in function and structure.
epidermis
The * consists of two kinds of conducting tissues: the xylem, responsible for conduction of * and dissolved mineral nutrients, and the phloem, responsible for conduction of *. The xylem also stores food and helps support the plants.
vascular tissue system
water, food
The * consists of two types of conducting cells: tracheids and vessels. Elongated cells, with tapered ends and secondary walls, both types lack cytoplasm and are dead at maturity. The walls have pits—areas in which secondary thickening does not occur—through which water moves from cell to cell. Vessels usually are shorter and broader than tracheids, and in addition to pits they have perforation—areas of the cell wall that lack both primary and secondary thickenings and through which water and dissolved nutrients may freely pass
xylem
The * , or food-conducting tissue, consists of cells that are living at maturity. The principal cells of phloem, the sieve elements, are so called because of the clusters of pores in their walls through which the protoplasts of adjoining cells are connected. Two types of sieve elements occur: sieve cells, with narrow pores in rather uniform clusters on the cell walls, and sieve-tube members, with larger pores on some walls of the cell than on others. Although the sieve elements contain cytoplasm at maturity, the nucleus and other organelles are lacking. Associated with the sieve elements are companion cells that do contain nuclei and that are responsible for manufacturing and secreting substances into the sieve elements and removing waste products from them.
phloem
