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EPPP Study > Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 psychologists have the most frequently cited theories of moral development?

A

Piaget & Kohlberg

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2
Q

Piaget proposed that ____________ development is necessary for moral development

A

Cognitive

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3
Q

Piaget proposed that the developmental process of understanding moral standards is similar to the process of understanding _______ rules

A

Game

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4
Q

Piaget’s 3 Stages of Moral Development are

A

Premoral Stage
Heteronomous Stage
Autonomous Stage

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5
Q

The following criticisms are attached to which theory:
1. Underestimates the cognitive abilities and moral understanding of young children
2. Erroneously contends that moral development stops in late childhood or early adolescence

A

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

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6
Q

This stage lasts from Birth to age 5 or 6. During this stage children have very limited understanding of rules and moral behavior

A

Piaget’s Premoral Stage (1st)

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7
Q

This stage begins at about 5 or 6. During this stage children believe rules are made by authorities and cannot be changed. When judging behaviors that have negative consequences, they based their judgments primarily on the consequences of the behavior

A

Piaget’s Heteronomous Stage (2nd)

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8
Q

During this stage, when judging behaviors that have negative consequences, they based their judgments primarily on the consequences of the behavior

A

Piaget’s Heteronomous Stage (2nd)

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9
Q

This stage begins when children are about 10 or 11. Children in this stage believe rules are determined by agreement between people and can be changed.

A

Piaget’s Autonomous Stage (3rd)

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10
Q

During this stage when judging behaviors that have negative consequences, they based their judgments primarily on the actor’s intentions

A

Piaget’s Autonomous Stage (3rd)

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11
Q

Who studied moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas and asking them to judge each dilemma and explain their reasoning

A

Kohlberg

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12
Q

__________ is one of the best known dilemma’s which asked subjects to decide if it’s better for a husband to steal a drug to save his wife or obey the law and risk his wife’s life

A

Heinz Dilemma (Kohlberg)

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13
Q

Who believed that stages of moral reasoning are universal, always occur in the same order and are related to the person’s level of cognitive development and social perspective taking

A

Kohlberg

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14
Q

Kohlberg proposed that the ability to predict a person’s behavior from their stage of moral development is strongest when?

A

At higher stages of development

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15
Q

What are the 3 Levels of Kohlberg’s Morality

A

Level 1: Preconventional Morality
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Level 3: Postconventional Morality

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16
Q

Punishment and Obedience (acceptability of a bx depends on whether or not the bx leads to punishment) and Instrumental Hedonism (the acceptability of a bx depends on whether or not it leads to rewards or satisfies the person’s needs) are the 2 stages of which of Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality

A

Level 1: Preconventional Morality

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17
Q

Good boy/good girl ( acceptability of a bx depends on whether or not it’s liked by others) and Law and Order orientation (acceptability of a bx depends on whether it violates laws and rules established by legitimate authorities) are the two stages of which of Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality

A

Level 2: Conventional Morality

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18
Q

The morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws (acceptability of bx is whether or not it’s consistent with democratically chosen laws) and The morality of individual principles of conscience (acceptability of bx is whether or not it’s consistent with broad, universally applicable general principles; justice and fairness) are the two stages of which of Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality

A

Level 3: Postconventional Morality

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19
Q

The following criticisms are attached to what theory:
Underestimates the moral reasoning of young children
Theory is too rigid and linear and doesn’t take into account that children’s moral judgments vary as a result of context and motivation
Only had male subjects in research (androcentric) and culturally biased, more characteristic of Western culture

A

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning

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20
Q

What are the 5 environmental systems in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

A
  1. Microsystem
  2. Mesosystem
    3.Exosystem
  3. Macrosystem
  4. Chronosystem
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21
Q

This is the child’s immediate environment and includes the child’s relationships with parents, siblings, others at home, friends, school, church

A

Microsystem

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22
Q

Interactions between elements of the child’s microsystem- influences of family relationships on child’s relationships with peers, teachers, and vice versa

A

Mesosystem

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23
Q

Consists of elements in the environment that affect the child’s immediate environment and include parent’s places of work, extended family, community health services

A

Exosystem

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24
Q

Comprised of social and cultural environments such as cultural practices, economic conditions, and political ideologies

A

Macrosystem

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25
Q

Consists of environmental events that occur over a person’s lifespan and impact the person’s development and circumstances. Includes parental divorce, job loss, birth of sibling, natural disasters.

A

Chronosystem

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26
Q

This type of inheritance occurs when a characteristic is influenced by a single pair of genes (two recessive genes or one recessive and one dominant gene).

A

Single gene pair inheritance

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27
Q

This type of inheritance occurs when a characteristic is influenced by a gene on one of the sex chromosomes, most often the X chromosome

A

Sex linked inheritance

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28
Q

This inheritance occurs when a characteristic is influenced by multiple genes. Most characteristics (height, weight, hair color, intelligence, susceptibility to cancer) fall in this category

A

Polygenic inheritance

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29
Q

New born baby’s brain is about ___% of it’s adult weight at birth & grows to about ___% by 2 years old

A

25% ; 80%

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30
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

Creation of new synapses (peaks around 2-3 years old)

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31
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The loss of synapses (continues through adolescence)

32
Q

What is the least developed part of the brain a birth?

A

Cerebral Cortex

33
Q

When does the prefrontal cortex reach maturity?

A

early to mid 20s

34
Q

At what age does brain weight and volume begin to gradually decrease? At what age does this process accelerate?

A

around 30 years old ; around age 60

35
Q

The decrease in size of the brain is greatest for what two areas?

A

frontal lobe (especially prefrontal cortex) and parietal lobe

36
Q

What is the least developed sense at birth?

A

Vision

37
Q

By what age is an infant’s visual acuity similar to normal adults?

A

7-8 months

38
Q

By what age do infants prefer to look at the face of their mother or other caregivers rather than strangers

A

1-2 months

39
Q

What is the order that infants develop depth perception

A
  1. Kinetic (motion) cues
  2. Binocular (stereoscopic) cues- integration of images from both eyes

3.Pictorial (static-monocular cues)- can be perceived by only one eye which shows depth, size, texture, shadows

40
Q

What 2 senses are the first to show age related decline

A

Vision and hearing;

41
Q

What starts to happen to vision around age 40

A

Around 40 many adults begin to experience presbyopia- hardening of the lens of the eye- hard to focus on nearby objects. Later in life, slower dark adaptation, increased sensitivity to glare, reduced ability to discriminate between colors, decreased depth perception

42
Q

What starts to happen to hearing around age 40

A

hearing starts to decline, decreased sensitivity to high frequency sounds (presbycusis) which makes it hard to understand women & young children’s voices, non human sounds (like microwave, dryer). Evidence that severity of age related hearing loss is related to risk of Alzheimer’s and other neurocognitive disorders

43
Q

What is the first sense to develop in utero?

A

Touch

44
Q

Early exposure to pain heightens later responsivity to pain for full term or pre-term infants?

A

Full term

45
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is increased by what demographic factors

A

Maleness, African American or Native American race, under 6months old, premature birth, low birth weight, poor prenatal care, maternal use of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy, pre and post natal exposure to cigarette smoke, unsafe sleep practices (bed sharing, loose bedding, sleeping on stomach)

46
Q

Adolescent growth spurt usually begins at ___ age for girls and ____ age for boys

A

Girls 10 or 11 ; Boys 12 or 13

47
Q

Growth spurt usually reaches it’s peak after about how long

A

2 years

48
Q

Early onset puberty is associated with positive consequences for who?

A

Boys ; increased self esteem, social maturity, greater popularity, and better athletic skills

But also linked to higher alcohol use, precocious sexual bx, and antisocial bx

49
Q

Lower levels of self esteem and popularity, poorer academic achievement, higher risk of precocious sexual bx, higher substance use, depression, anxiety and disruptive bx disorders is related to early onset puberty for who?

A

Girls

50
Q

Maternal mood disorder, absence of biological father, presence of stepfather, discordant family relationships are all related to what?

A

Early onset puberty for girls

51
Q

Substance use among youth 12-17 years old has decreased in recent years, however, which is the most used substance of this age group?

A

Alcohol

52
Q

What are some of the risk factors for adolescent substance use?

A

stressful life events, parental substance abuse, weak parent-child relationship, affiliation with deviant/substance involved peers, mental health problems (Depression and untreated ADHD), favorable attitudes towards drug use, poor social skills, and academic failuresW

53
Q

What are some of the protective factors for adolescent substance use?

A

Parental disapproval of substance use, supportive parenting, age-appropriate parental monitoring of social bx, academic success, involvement in extracurriculars, positive peer influences, good self-control, and religiosity.

Religiosity, self-control, and parental support are buffers which means they reduce the adverse effects of stressful life events on substance use

54
Q

Which part of the brain that is in charge of emotions, motivation, and contains part of the brain’s reward circuit develops before the prefrontal cortex for adolescents? This explains why adolescents may be more likely to engage in impulsive or risk taking behaviors rather than make rational decisions

A

Limbic System (which contains the nucleus accumbens- part of the brains reward circuit)

55
Q

Which biological process helps explain and contribute to adolescent sleep deprivation

A

Puberty ushers in changes in the secretion of melatonin

56
Q

Which societal and psychological factors contribute to adolescent sleep deprivation

A

early starting time for school which limits time to sleep and increased autonomy over bed time, increased academic pressures, and excessive screen time in the evening

57
Q

Which twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation?

A

monozygotic male twins

58
Q

The likelihood that a boy will be gay increases due to what factor?

A

The number of older brothers born to the same mother (due to maternal immune hypothesis in which some mothers become immune to male-specific antigens which each male fetus—this research has been challenged)

59
Q

Changes in a person’s sexual attractions and/or behaviors over time and in different situations that are inconsistent with the person’s self-described sexual orientation

A

Sexual fluidity

60
Q

Sexual fluidity is more common among which gender?

A

women

61
Q

What are the 3 stages of Prenatal development?

A

Germinal (conception to the end of the 2nd week when the fertilized egg implants in the uterine wall)
Embryonic (3rd -8th week; major organs and structures are forming)
Fetal (9th week- birth; organs and structures are formed and mature)

62
Q

At what stage are teratogens, chemicals, or drugs most impactful

A

During embryonic period, most likely that teratogens during this period will cause major defects.

During germinal period, exposure to teratogens is likely to have either all of none effect- if exposed, implantation will not occur. During fetal period exposure to teratogens is most likely to cause minor defects and abnormalities, however, the central nervous system is highly susceptible to major damage from teratogens during embryonic and fetal periods.

63
Q

What is the age of viability for premature babies

A

22 to 26 weeks

64
Q

How long does the first trimester last?

A

Week 1-13

65
Q

How long does the second trimester last?

A

Week 14-27

66
Q

How long does that third trimester last?

A

Week 28 through birth

67
Q

Klinefelter syndrome effects which gender and what are some of the traits?

A

Males; Presence of 2 or more X chromosomes in addition to a single Y chromosome. Develop a normal male identity but incomplete secondary sex characteristics, enlarged breasts (gynecomastia), and low testosterone. Can have disproportionally long arms, legs, and delays in language development, learning disabilities, and impaired problem solving and social skills

68
Q

Turner Syndrome effects which gender and what are some of the traits?

A

Females; Don’t develop secondary sex characteristics, are infertile, short stature, stubby fingers, drooping eyelids, small lower jaw, webbed neck. Learning disabilities, vision and hearing problems, skeletal abnormalities, heart defects, urinary tract abnormalities. This syndrome is due to a partial or complete deletion of 1 of the X chromosomes

69
Q

Rett syndrome almost exclusively impacts which gender?

A

Females; due to a mutation of a gene. After 18 months of life, begin to develop slowed head and brain growth, loss of speech and motor skills, abnormal breathing, hand movements, and seizures. May also have autistic like sxs

70
Q

Down syndrome is an ________ disorder which means it’s caused by abnormality on a chromosome that’s not a sex chromosome

A

Autosomal

71
Q

Trisomy 21 is the most common type of down syndrome which accounts for which percentage of cases?

A

95%

72
Q

Mild to moderate intellectual disability, hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), short stocky build, wide face, thick tongue, almond shaped eyes, developmental delays, elevated risks for vision, hearing, heart defects, and Alzheimer’s are sxs of what?

A

Down Syndrome

73
Q

When one parent has Huntington’s disease, a biological child of that parent was chance of inheriting the disease? Two parents?

A

50% ; 75%

74
Q

When a person has this disease they are unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine (no milk, cheese, meat, fish, eggs)

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

75
Q

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (includes fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder, alcohol related birth defects)

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