Life Cycle Nutrition

Question 1

How is milk released?
Full tent pregnancy averages how many weeks?

During pregnancy, the diet must support the health of a woman and her growing baby true or false

Answer 1

Sucking stimulates nerve that sends signal to the mothers hypothalamus
Hypothalamus stimulates release of prolactin and oxytocin from the pituitary gland
Prolactin triggers milk production and oxytocin triggers the let down response .

Full-term pregnancy averages 38 weeks from conception to birth (divided into three trimesters)

Question 2

What are the stages of pregnancy and fetal development
What are the functions of the placenta
Explain how maternal circulation to fetus works

Answer 2

Zygote
Preembryo
Embryo(1st trimester)
Fetus (2-3rd trimester)

Nutrients are delivered to and wastes are transported from the developing embryo through the placenta
•Prevents passage of red blood cells, bacteria, and many large proteins from mother to fetus
•Alcohol, drugs, and other potentially harmful substances can cross the placenta
•Releases hormones required to support the physiological changes of pregnancy

Question 3

Periods of rapid cellular activity are highly vulnerable to what? Inadequate iron during early pregnancy is associated with what? Metabolic or fetal programming may be able to alter what? Critical periods impact fetal development. Famine associated with a high cumulative incidence of heart disease . true or false
During first to second weeks what can happen to the zygote?
During 3rd to 8th weeks what can happen in the age of the embryo?
From 9-38weeks or from fetal period to Full term ,what organs develop and what can happen ?
Full term is from what week to what week?

Answer 3

-Inadequate iron during early pregnancy associated with poor cognitive development
•Metabolic or fetal programming may be able to alter how genes are expressed during critical periods of development

Prenatal death

Teratogens can induce major anomalies
The heart(6and halft to 8 weeks)
upper limbs (5and half to 8 weeks)
and lower limbs develop here (6-8weeks)

Central nervous system (20-38weeks)
Eyes-(8-38weeks)
Teeth(9-38weeks)
Palate (around 9weeks to 16weeks)
External genitalia ( 9-38weeks)
Ear(9-38weeks)

36-38weeks

Question 4

A healthy pregnancy lasts how many weeks?
The placenta is the site through which what happens? What things can cause irreversible damage to the foetus especially during which periods?
What does metabolic programming examine?

Answer 4

➢A healthy pregnancy lasts 38 weeks and is divided into three trimesters
➢The placenta is the site through which the developing fetus accesses the mother’s organ systems for respiration, absorption, and excretory purposes
➢Harmful toxins or inadequate nutrition can cause irreversible damage to the fetus, especially during critical periods
➢Metabolic programming examines the interaction of the prenatal environment on genetic and other factors to produce permanent change

Question 5

Why do fathers to be need to eat well before conception of babies? What things are associated w decreased sperm production and function? Which are associated w healthy sperm
What is one of the things a mother should do to adopt a healthy lifestyle before conception? And why?
Why is folic acid important?
What things should they avoid?
Why should they avoid smoking and alcohol?

Answer 5

Before conception, fathers-to-be need to eat well for healthy sperm production
•Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, and obesity are associated with decreased sperm production and function
•Zinc, folate, and antioxidants are associated with healthy sperm

Before conception, mothers need to adopt a healthy lifestyle
•Attain a healthy weight before conception
-Obesity and overweight are associated with infertility, pregnancy complications, potential birth defects
-Underweight women are at risk of delivering low birth weight or small for gestational age babies
•Get plenty of folic acid–400 micrograms daily
-Reduces risk of neural tube defects
•Moderate fish and caffeine consumption

Avoid cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs

• Smoking increases the risk of infertility, a low birth weight baby, stunted growth or intellectual development, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
• Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD); pregnant women are advised to abstain completely from alcohol

Question 6

What things can increase fetal complications if not controlled before conception

Answer 6

Managing chronic conditions

• Diabetes, hypertension or sexually transmitted disease can increase maternal and fetal complications if not controlled before conception
• Medications may be contraindicated during pregnancy, so prepregnancy counseling is essential

Question 7

What things decrease soerm production and function? Conception is easier for which women? What things are essential for a healthy pregnancy?

Answer 7

Good nutrition and healthy lifestyle habits before conception are important for both men and women
➢Factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and obesity decrease sperm production and function
➢Conception is easier for women if they are at a healthy body weight
➢Getting plenty of folic acid, avoiding fish high in methylmercury, limiting caffeine consumption, avoiding cigarettes, alcohol and drugs, and managing chronic conditions are essential for a healthy pregnancy
➢Proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle can prevent birth defects and may reduce future health risks

Question 8

When does morning sickness begin and end during pregnancy?
Which hormone is thought to play a role ? What things help manage nausea? What may reduce nausea and vomiting. What is hyperemesis gravadarum? And what does it lead to?

Answer 8

Morning sickness
•Begins during the first trimester and often ends by the 20th week of pregnancy
•Cause is unknown, but estrogen is thought to play a role
•Small, frequent meals, avoiding an empty stomach, high carbohydrate foods, ginger, and salty foods combined with sour and tart beverages help manage nausea
•Vitamin B6 may reduce nausea and vomiting
•In rare cases, women experience hyperemesis gravadarum, severe vomiting which can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, weight loss and may require hospitalization

Question 9

Gestational hypertension occurs in which people
What’s the importance of zinc in males and folic acid in females
When do neural tube defects occur
What problems do overweight women have with fertility nd pregnancy
What problems do underweight women have with pregnancy

Answer 9

People giving birth for the first time.

Zinc-helps In formation of healthy Sperms and quantity of Sperms produced

Folic acid- prevents spina bifida,anencephaly,cleft palate,(are neural tube defects)

In the first three months
After first three months the time for development of the neural tube passed

May be hard for them to get pregnant and when they do they can get complications such as CS,miscarriages,child will be bigger than normal weight,gestational diabetes,pregnancy induced hypertension

Underweight: anemia,miscarriages,intrauterine growth restriction,low birth weight of baby

Question 10

What are botanicals?
Name some herbs that cause contractions of the uterus leading to miscarriage or premature labor?
What is pica under cravings in the first trimester?
Which people is it mor e common in and what problem is it associated with?

Answer 10

Avoiding botanicals
•Botanicals are parts of a plant believed to have medicinal or therapeutic effects
•Herbs such as blue cohosh, juniper, goldenseal and raspberry tea may cause contractions of the uterus leading to miscarrage or premature labor

Cravings
•Researchers have not found a physiological explanation for food cravings
•Pica is the abnormal, compulsive intake of nonedible items such as laundry starch, burnt matches, clay, dirt, paint chips, and/or baking soda
-More common in African-American women and associated with low blood levels of iron

Question 11

What is the recommended weight gain in pounds during pregnancy w regards to the BMI,less than 19.8,19.8-26,more than 26-29,more than 29

Maternal fat stores how much fat? Uterus and breast stores how much?
How much does blood store?
What about the foetus?
What about placenta,amniotic fluid and other fluids

1st trimester women don’t need to gain weight so they mustn’t add calories to their normal calorie food intake for building energy true or false

Answer 11

Less than 19.8: 28-40 pounds
19.8-26: 25-35 pounds
More than 26-29:15-25 pounds
More than 29:at least 15 pounds

Maternal fat : ~7lbs
Uterus and breast: 4lbs
Blood: 3-4lbs
Fetus:~7lbs
placenta,amniotic fluid and other fluids: ~8lbs

Question 12

What are the dietary considerations for first trimester

Answer 12

Dietary considerations
•50% increase in needs for folate, zinc, and iron
•Kilocalorie needs are not significantly increased during the first trimester
•Focus should be on intake of nutrient-dense foods
•A prenatal supplement is necessary
•Vegetarians and vegans should be mindful of meeting needs for essential fatty acids and vitamin B12
•Drink milk to meet needs for calcium and vitamin D

Question 13

Why are mother and baby at risk for food borne illnesses in the first trimester
What bacteria can cause problems for the baby
What things associated with food borne illnesses should pregnant women avoid?
Why is iron supplement given to pregnant women? What performed vitamins should pregnant women avoid excess amounts of ?

Answer 13

Foodborne illness
•The immune system is weakened during pregnancy, so mother and baby are at greater risk
•Listeria monocytogenes may cause miscarriage, premature labor, low birth weight, developmental problems, or infant death
•Pregnant women should avoid raw or undercooked meats, fish, or poultry; unpasteurized milk, cheese, and juices; and raw sprouts

Women commonly experience morning sickness and cravings during the first trimester of pregnancy
➢Recommended weight gain during pregnancy depends on prepregnancy weight
➢The needs for many nutrients are increased during pregnancy, but most can be met with a balanced diet
➢It is difficult to consume adequate iron from foods during pregnancy, so a supplement is often prescribed
➢Pregnant women should avoid excess amounts of preformed vitamin A and D
➢Risk of foodborne illness is increased during pregnancy, so women should handle raw foods carefully and avoid certain raw, undercooked, or unpasteurized foods

Question 14

What should women consume in the second trimester? How much additional kcals daily is needed during the second trimester?
They need a minimum of how many grams of carbs per day?
How many minutes of moderate exercise is recommended?
Which activities pose less risk for injury to mother and baby?
Give some examples of safe activities and examples of unsafe activities

What about how much protein?

Answer 14

Consume adequate kilocalories, carbohydrate, and protein
•An additional 340 kcals daily is needed during the second trimester
•Need a minimum of 175 grams carbohydrate per day
•Protein needs increase 35% to about 71 grams daily

30 minutes or more of moderate exercise on most days is recommended
➢Low-impact activities pose less risk for injury to mother or baby
➢Must take care to avoid significant increases in body core temperature and drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration

Safe activities:
Walking
Stationary cycling 
Low impact aerobics
Swimming
Dancing

Unsafe:
Hockey
Basketball
Football 
Soccer
Gymnastics 
Skating
Horseback riding
Weight lifting

Question 15

Two potential complications during the second trimester are gestational diabetes and hypertension
When does gestational diabetes occur? What may it result in? What can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes

What are the categories of pregnancy induced hypertension ? Explain each category. Gestational hypertension occurs in which people?
What is the only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia?

Answer 15

Potential complications:
➢Gestational diabetes occurs when a woman develops high blood glucose levels during her pregnancy
•May result in macrosomia, jaundice, breathing problems, birth defects, or hypoglycemia after birth
•Eating healthfully, maintaining a healthy weight, and exercising regularly can reduce risk

Pregnancy-induced hypertension includes three categories
•Gestational hypertension – occurs early in pregnancy in women with no history of hypertension
•Preeclampsia – characterized by hypertension, severe edema and protein losses in the urine; deprives fetus of oxygen and nutrient rich blood from the placenta
•Eclampsia – can cause seizures and is a major cause of death of women during pregnancy
➢The only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia is to deliver the baby

Question 16

What are the nutrients needed for building cells? What’s re the nutrients needed for bone development
Why don’t you give vitamin A in pregnant women

Answer 16

Building cells:
Vitamin b-12
Iron
Protein 
Essential fatty acid 
Folate

Bone development:
Calcium
Vitamin D

It has teratogenic effect

Question 17

What can help with heartburn and constipation?
An extra how much of kcals are needed during third trimester?
What causes heartburn and constipation in pregnant women?

Answer 17

Eating frequent small meals and a high-fiber diet,elevate the head, eat less fatty food ,reduce spiciness of food ,no carbonate drinks can help with heartburn and constipation
•An extra 450 kcals are needed during the third trimester
•The growing baby exerts pressure on the Mom’s intestines and stomach which can cause heartburn
•Hormonal changes slow movement of food through the GI tract which may cause constipation

Question 18

What are you supposed to be concerned about in teenage pregnancy
What about older mothers?
Name some high risk pregnancies

Answer 18

Teenage mothers
•Still growing, therefore nutrient needs are even higher than an adult woman, yet more likely to have an unbalanced diet
•More likely to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension, iron-deficiency anemia, and deliver premature babies

➢Older mothers
•Higher risk for complications including gestational diabetes and pregnancy-induced hypertension
•Babies are more likely to have Down syndrome or other developmental disabilities

High risk:
Women with chronic diseases
Pregnant teenagers 
Women w HIV/AIDS
Pregnant older women

Question 19

Name five factors associated w high risk pregnancies

Answer 19

Factors:
Lifestyle-smoking,alcohol,drug abuse,use of botanicals,supplements

Age: an adolescent,woman over 35 yrs

Weight: pregnancy (underweight,obese)
During pregnancy:insufficient or excessive weight gain

Health: chronic diseases,previous history of babies born with neural tube defects ,gestational diabetes,

Food intake: environmental contaminants

Socioeconomic status:poverty,limited food supply,low education level

Question 20

What is lactation
What is exclusive breastfeeding
If you don’t eat enough you won’t have enough breast milk or it will affect the quality of the breask milk. Anxiety reduces breast milk. Don’t increase energy inside during lactation true or false

Answer 20

Lactation
- A physiological process of female mammals that occurs right after pregnancy when a mother’s breast secrets milk and suckles the offspring
•The “breast is best” when nourishing an infant

Exclusive:
No water no food only breast milk

Question 21

What nutrients does breast milk contain

Answer 21

Breastmilk contains all the nutrients the infant needs for proper growth and development
➢Free water
➢Proteins – Protein accounts for 75% of the nitrogen-containing compounds and the non-protein nitrogen substances include urea, nucleotides, peptides, free amino acids and DNA.
➢Fats – Essential fatty acids and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
➢Carbohydrates – The principal carbohydrate of human milk is lactose.
➢Minerals, vitamins, and trace elements.

Question 22

What are the non nutritional components of breast milk
Name some Immune-related components and growth factors in breast milk.
Why are they important
What does colostrum contain?
What else does breast milkcontain
Why is it important?

Answer 22

Antimicrobial factors
•Digestive enzymes
•Hormones and growth factors
Immune-related components and growth factors include:
➢Secretory IgA – Predominant immunoglobulin in breast milk
➢Bioactive cytokines – Including transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) 1 and 2 and interleukin-10 (IL-10)]
➢Others – leukocytes, oligosaccharides, lysozyme, lactoferrin, adiponectin, interferon-g, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1.

•These are important for passive protection against infections and immune-mediated diseases and modulate immunological development

colostrum contains antibodies and white blood cells which protect the newborn from infections

• Breast milk also contains bifidus factors, which favor the growth of the “friendly” bacterium Lactobacillus bifidus in the infant’s digestive tract, so that other, harmful bacteria cannot become established
• It also protects against allergies

Question 23

Explain two benefits of breast feeding and give six other benefits

Answer 23

Breast-feeding provides nutritional and health benefits for infants
•Nutritional composition of breast milk changes as the infant grows
•Colostrum is lower in fat, higher in protein, vitamin A, minerals, and antibodies
•Breast milk is high in lactose, fat, B vitamins and lower in fat-soluble vitamins, sodium, and other minerals
•The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends supplementing breast-fed babies with vitamin D drops to meet needs

Breast-feeding protects against infections, allergies, and chronic disease and may enhance brain development
•Provides beneficial compounds including antioxidants, hormones, enzymes, and growth factors
•If continued beyond six months, may reduce risk of childhood obesity
•Breast milk is rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) which are important for development of vision and the central nervous system

-Contracts the uterus
➢Delays the return of regular ovulation, thus lengthening birth intervals (is not, however, a dependable method of contraception)
➢•Conserves iron stores (by prolonging amenorrhea)
➢ May protect against breast and ovarian cancer and reduce the risk of diabetes (type 2)

Cost savings from not needing medical treatment for childhood illnesses or time off work to care forthem
➢ Cost savings from not needing to purchase formula (even after adjusting for added foods in the diet of a lactating mother)
➢ Environmental savings to society from not needing to manufacture, package, and ship formula and dispose of the packaging
➢Convenience of not having to shop for and prepare formula

Question 24

Breastmilk can be provided exclusively for how long ?

Once complementary foods are introduced breastmilk continues to provide important nutrients and growth factors up to how many years?

Answer 24

Breastmilk can be provided exclusively for around the first 6 months, meeting all of the Infants nutritional needs

➢Once complementary foods are introduced breastmilk continues to provide important nutrients and growth factors up to 2 years.

➢ The WHO recommends breastmilk continue to be part of the young child’s diet, to 2 years of age and beyond.

Question 25

A pregnant woman produces how much milk ? •To produce adequate supply, a woman needs extra energy – about how many kcalories?
How can she meet this need?(name five ways)

Answer 25

Energy Intake
• A pregnant woman produces about 600ml of milk each with variation from woman to woman and in the same woman from time to time, depending primarily on the infants demand for milk

•To produce adequate supply, a woman needs extra energy – about 500Kcalories above her regular needs during the first six months of lactation

She can eat extra 330Kcalories of food each day and let the fat reserves accumulated during pregnancy provide the rest
●Energy Nutrients
➢Protein and fatty acid intake remain the same during lactation as during pregnancy
➢Nursing mothers need additional carbohydrate to replace the glucose used to make lactose in the breast milk
➢Fibre intake also increases by 1 gram

Question 26

How much calcium,vitamin A,potassium,vitamin C,zinc and iodine do you need as a lactating mother

Water
➢A mother who drinks more fluids does not produce more milk but to prevent dehydration
➢She must drink a glass of water, juice or soup at each meal or anytime the baby nurses
● Particular foods
➢A nursing mother can eat whatever nutritious foods she chooses
➢But she can eliminate foods that cause discomforts to babies true or false

Answer 26

• Vitamin A:
  ➢ 1200mcg
  RDA: 1200mcg

➢Potassium
RDA : 5100mg

-Vitamin C
RDA: 115mg

➢ Zinc
RDA: 14mg

➢Iodine
290mcg

Calcium: RDA :1300mg

Question 27

How does maternal weight as a factor affect lactation and how does maternal age and maternal eating patterns as factors affect lactation

Answer 27

Maternal Weight:
➢Women who are obese prior to pregnancy have difficulty initiating and continuing breastfeeding and producing sufficient milk
➢ Difficulty getting infants to latch on adequately to breast and positioning them properly to feed
➢Low milk supply due to inadequate release of prolactin
➢Cesarean deliveries delay first suckling

Maternal Age
➢Infants breastfed by adolescents mothers may grow more slowly than infants of older mother
➢Teens can breastfeed their infants successfully by ensuring that their nutrient needs and that of their infants are adequately supplied

Maternal Eating Patterns
●A nutritious diet is the best choice for a breastfeeding mother and her infant

Question 28

How does maternal and infant health affect lactation

Answer 28

Maternal Health and Infant Health
Breastfeeding may be ruled out by certain medical conditions in either the infant of mother
•HIV Infection and AIDS
➢Mothers with HIV infections are advised not to breast feed their infants
➢Transmission of HIV to infants is reduced when HIV exposed mothers and their infants receive antiretroviral drugs
•Breastfeeding may be detrimental to infants with inborn errors of metabolism such as phenylketonuria and galactosemia

Maternal and Infant Health
• The compatibility of chronic and infectious diseases with breastfeeding must be considered because medications and infectious agents can be transmitted to the baby via the mother’s milk

• Serious infectious diseases tuberculosis and hepatitis C can be life threatening and so it may be safer if nursing is eliminated
• Chronic diseases incompatible with nursing include cancer being treated with chemotherapy and psychiatric conditions treated with lithium
• Breast surgery may affect a woman’s ability to produce milk or secrete it

Question 29

What maternal lifestyles are Incompatible with lactation and why

Answer 29

Alcohol Consumption:
➢This may alter flavour of breast milk
➢Infants metabolize alcohol inefficiently and low doses can suppress feeding and cause sleepiness
➢Alcohol may interfere with lactation by inhibiting the hormone oxytocin

Medicinal Drugs
➢Nursing mothers must consult their physician prior to taking any drug including herbal supplements
●Illicit drugs
➢Can cause irritability, tremors, hallucinations and even death in infants
●Smoking
➢Cigarette smoking reduces milk production
➢Breast milk produces by smokers contain nicotine which alters its smell and flavour
➢Infants of smokers gain less weight

Question 30

The first two years of life is. Time of what? Changes that occur during this period can affect what? When does a healthy infants birthweight double and when does it triple?
The length of infants increased by how much at what time and doubled by how many years
The stomach of an infant increases from what range to what range at birth and to what amount by 1 year and what’s the use of this?
What determines an infants birth weight? After birth the growth of an infant is influenced by what two things?

Answer 30

Physiologic Development
➢The first two years of life is a time of rapid growth and development

➢Many changes occur that affect feeding and nutrient intake

➢A healthy infant’s birthweight doubles by 4 to 6 months of age and triples by one year

The length of an infants is increased by 50% in the first year and doubled by 4 years

The stomach of an infant increases from a range of 10ml to 20ml at birth to 200ml by 1 year, enabling them to consume more food at given time and at less frequent intervals as they grow

➢ The length of gestation, the mothers prepregnancy weight and mothers weight gain during pregnancy determine an infants birth weight

➢After birth, the growth of an infant is influenced by genetics and nourishment

➢

Question 31

A new born baby requires how many kcal per day?
What nutrient provides energy to all cells of the body? Especially cels in which part of the brain?
An infants brain uses about how much of this nutrient of the days total energy intake
This nutrient should provide about how much energy in percentage for infants

Answer 31

➢Not only do infants grow rapidly, but their energy requirement is remarkably high
➢A new born baby requires about 450 kcalories per day

➢ Carbohydrates provide energy to all the cells of the body, especially those in the brain, which depend primarily on glucose to fuel activities
➢An infant’s brain uses relatively more glucose than the other parts of the body—about 60 percent of the day’s total energy intake
➢Carbohydrate should provide about 30% to 60% of energy intake of infants

Question 32

What provides most of the energy in breast milk and standard infant formula ? Infants younger than 1 year should consume how much fat per day?
Why does fat support rapid growth of early infancy?
Why is protein essential to the growth of infants

Excess dietary protein can cause problems, how?

Answer 32

Fat provides most of the energy in breast milk and standard infant formula
➢Infants younger than 1 year should consume 30g of fat per day

➢Its high energy density supports the rapid growth of early infancy

➢Protein is very essential to the growth of infants
➢ All of the body’s cells and most of its fluids contain protein
➢ It is the basic building material of the body’s tissues
➢Excess dietary protein can cause problems, too, especially in a small infant. Too much protein stresses the liver and kidneys, which have to metabolize and excrete the excess nitrogen

Question 33

adequacy of an infants energy intake is determined by monitoring gains in what parameters?

How do you calculate energy requirements for infants

Answer 33

The adequacy of an infants energy intake is determined by monitoring gains in weight, length, head circumference and weight-for-length for age plotted on growth charts

Age
Calculation
0-3 months:
(89×weight of infant (Kg)- 100) + 175
4-6 months:
(89×weight of infant (Kg)- 100) + 56
7-12 months:
(89×weight of infant (Kg)- 100) + 22

Question 34

What is the protein dietary reference intake for infants (0-6 months and 6-12 months)

Answer 34

0-6 months:
9.1(Grams/Day)
1.52(Grams/Kg/day)
6- 12 months:
11
1.2

Question 35

How much water a day do infants up to six months needs?
What about from six months to twelve months? Total water includes which sources? Adequate calcium intake is how much per day fir 0 to 6 months infants
What about 6-12 months?
Upper levels of fluoride are how much a day for infants 0-6 months and how much for 6-12 months?

Answer 35

Water

• 0.7L/day for infants up to 6 months
• 0.8L/day from 6 months to 12 months of age
• Total water includes all water contained in foods, beverages and drinking water

● Calcium

• Adequate intake is 200mg/day for 0 to 6 months infants
• 260mg/day for 6 to 12 months infants

● Fluoride

• Upper levels of 0.7mg/day for infants 0 to 6 months
• • 0.9 mg/day for infants 6 to 12 months

Question 36

What is a very good source of nutrients for infants
Why?
Why do breastfed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants do?
During the first few weeks how many times must the baby eat a day?

Answer 36

Human Milk

• Breast milk excels as a source of nutrients for infants
• Its unique nutrient composition and protective factors promote optimal infant health and development throughout the first year of life

•Frequency and Duration of Breastfeeding

• Breast milk is more easily and completely digested than formula, so breastfed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants do
• During the first few weeks, approximately 8 to 12 feedings a day, on demand

Question 37

What is the carbs in breast mil and infant formula? What’s the importance of this carbohydrate?
Why is it that though the amoun rn of protein in breast milk is less than cows milk thi quantity is actually beneficial?
Much of the protein in breast milk I what type of protein?

Answer 37

Energy Nutrients

• The carbohydrate in breast milk (and infant formula) is the disaccharide lactose
• In addition to being easily digested, lactose enhances calcium absorption
• The amount of protein in breast milk is less than in cow’s milk, but this quantity is actually beneficial because it places less stress on the infant’s immature kidneys to excrete the major end product of protein metabolism, urea
• Much of the protein in breast milk is alpha-lactalbumin, which is efficiently digested and absorbed

Question 38

Breast milk contains what kinds of fatty acids?
Which of the acids are found abundantly in the retina of the eye and in the brain?

Breastfed infants generally score higher on tests of mental development than formula-fed infants do true or false

How does breast milk offer immunological protection?
Breast milk contains what factors which favor the growth of what bacterium in the infants digestive tract? And what’s the use of this bacterium

Answer 38

Breast milk contains a generous proportion of the essential fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid, as well as their longer-chain derivatives arachidonic acid and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)

• Arachidonic acid and DHA are found abundantly in both the retina of the eye and the brain
• Research has focused on the visual and mental development of breastfed infants and infants fed standard formula without DHA and arachidonic acid added

Immunological Protection
-In addition to nutritional benefits, breast milk offers immunological protection
- Not only is breast milk sterile, but it actively fights disease and protects infants from illnesses
colostrum contains antibodies and white blood cells which protect the newborn from infections
-Breast milk also contains bifidus factors, which favor the growth of the “friendly” bacterium Lactobacillus bifidus in the infant’s digestive tract, so that other, harmful bacteria cannot become established
- It also protects against allergies

Question 39

The vitamins I’m breast milk are ample to support infant growth with t exception of what vitamin?
What’s the function of this vitamin?
Vitamin deficiency is most likely in which infants?

The calcium content of breast milk is ideal for infant bone growth, and the calcium is well absorbed
True or false
Which minerals in breast milk have high bioavailability?
How is Breastmilk being low in sodium good?

Answer 39

Vitamins
-With the exception of vitamin D, the vitamins in breast milk are ample to support infant growth
-The vitamin D in breast milk is low, and vitamin D deficiency impairs bone mineralization
-Vitamin D deficiency is most likely in infants who are not exposed to sunlight daily, have darkly pigmented skin, and receive breast milk without vitamin D supplementation
●Minerals
-The calcium content of breast milk is ideal for infant bone growth, and the calcium is well absorbed
-Breast milk contains relatively small amounts of iron, Breast milk contains relatively small amounts of iron, but the iron has a high bioavailability
-Zinc also has a high bioavailability
-Breast milk is low in sodium which is beneficial for immature kidneys

Question 40

What are the risks of formula feeding?

Answer 40

Infant Formula Composition
-Formula manufacturers attempt to copy the nutrient composition of breast milk as closely as possible
●Risks of Formula Feeding
-Infant formulas contain no protective antibodies for infants

-In general, vaccinations, purified water, and clean environments in developed countries help protect infants from infections

-Formulas can be prepared safely by following the rules of proper food handling and by using water that is free of contamination
•Contaminated formulas often cause infections, leading to diarrhea, dehydration, and malabsorption

Question 41

What are special formulas ?
What’s the use ?

The addition of foods to an infant’s diet should be governed by three considerations . Name them

Answer 41

Special Formulas
●-Standard cow’s milk-based formulas are inappropriate for some infants.
●Special formulas have been designed to meet the dietary needs of infants with specific conditions such as prematurity or inherited diseases
● Infants allergic to milk protein can drink special hypoallergenic formulas or formulas based on soy protein
-soy-based formulas for vegetarians and infants with galactosemia or hereditary lactase deficiency

The addition of foods to an infant’s diet should be governed by three considerations:
● the infant’s nutrient needs
● the infant’s physical readiness to handle different forms of
foods
● the need to detect and control allergic reactions.

Question 42

Whole cows milk is not appropriate for kids of what age?
Children one to two years should not be given what? In some infants particularly those to infer than six months of age what can whole cows milk cause?
Why is cow’s milk a poor source of iron?

Answer 42

Whole cow’s milk is not appropriate during the first year

• Children one to two years of age should not be given reduced- fat, low-fat, or fat-free milk routinely; they need the fat of whole milk
• In some infants, particularly those younger than six months of age, whole cow’s milk may cause intestinal bleeding, which can lead to iron deficiency
• Cow’s milk is also a poor source of iron. Consequently, it both causes iron loss and fails to replace iron

Question 43

What is complimentary feeding?
State the ten principles of complimentary feeding and explain duration of exclusive breastfeeding and age of introduction of complimentary foods

Answer 43

The process of introducing liquids and foods to infants along with breast milk when that alone is no longer sufficient to meet their nutritional requirements

● PRINCIPLES
•Duration of exclusive breastfeeding and age of introduction of complementary foods:
•Practice exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months of age
• Introduce complementary foods at 6 months of age (180 days) while continuing to breastfeed.

2. maintenance of breast feeding
3. Responsive breastfeeding
4. Safe preparation and storage of complementary foods
5. amount of complimentary food needed
6. food consistency
7. meal frequency and energy density
8. Nutrient content of Complementary foods
9. Use of vitamin-mineral supplements or fortified products for infant and mother
10. Feeding during Illness

Question 44

Explain maintenance of breastfeeding and responsive breastfeeding as principles of complimentary feeding

Answer 44

Maintenance of breast feeding
•Continue frequent, on-demand breastfeeding until 2 years of age or beyond

3. Responsive Feeding
   •An active and interactive process
   •Parents pay attention to baby’s signals for hunger and fullness
   •feed infants directly and assist older children when they feed themselves, being sensitive to their hunger and satiety cues

feed slowly and patiently, and encourage children to eat, but do not force them

c) if children refuse many foods, experiment with different food combinations, tastes, textures and methods of encouragement
d) minimize distractions during meals if the child loses interest easily
e) remember that feeding times are periods of learning and love - talk to children during feeding, with eye to eye contact

Question 45

Explain safe preparation and stoarge of complimentary foods and amount of complimentary food needed as principles of complimentary feeding

Answer 45

Safe preparation and storage of complementary foods
• Practice good hygiene and proper food handling by:

a) washing caregivers’ and children’s hands before food preparation and eating
b) storing foods safely and serving foods immediately after preparation
c) using clean utensils to prepare and serve food
d) using clean cups and bowls when feeding children
e) avoiding the use of feeding bottles, which are difficult to keep clean

Principles of Complementary Feeding
5. Amount of complementary f food needed
• Start at six months of age with small amounts of food and increase the quantity as the child gets older, while maintaining frequent breastfeeding

•The energy needs from complementary foods for infants with “average” breast milk intake in developing countries are approximately:

• 200 kcal per day at 6-8 months of age
• 300 kcal per day at 9-11 months of age
• 550 kcal per day at 12-23 months of age. (WHO/UNICEF, 1998)

Question 46

Explain food consistency and Use of vitamin-mineral supplements or fortified products for infant and mother as complimentary feeding principles

Answer 46

Food consistency
•Gradually increase food consistency and variety as the infant gets older, adapting to the infant’s requirements and abilities

• Infants can eat pureed, mashed and semi-solid foods beginning at six months

• “Finger foods” (snacks that can be eaten by children alone) at 8 months
• Family foods by 12 months

•Avoid foods that may cause choking (i.e., items that have a shape and/or consistency that may cause them to become lodged in the trachea, such as nuts, whole grains and nuts, raw carrots, popcorn)

Use of vitamin-mineral supplements or fortified products for infant and mother

• Use fortified complementary foods or vitamin-mineral supplements for the infant, as needed (esp for vegetarians)

Question 47

Explain meal frequency and energy density as a complimentary feeding principle

Answer 47

Meal frequency and energy density
• Increase the number of times that the child is fed complementary foods as he/she gets older

• The appropriate number of feedings depends on the energy density of the local foods and the usual amounts consumed at each feeding
• For the average healthy breastfed infant, meals of complementary foods should be provided:
• 2-3 times per day at 6-8 months of age

3-4 times per day at 9-11 and 12-24 months of age with additional nutritious snacks (such as a piece of fruit or bread with nut paste) offered 1-2 times per day, as desired.

•If energy density or amount of food per meal is low, or the child is no longer breastfed, more frequent meals may be required.

Question 48

Explain nutrient content of complimentary foods and feeding during illness as principles of complimentary feeding

Answer 48

Nutrient content of Complementary foods
• Feed a variety of foods to ensure that nutrient needs are met.
•Meat, poultry, fish or eggs should be eaten daily, or as often as possible

•Vegetarian diets cannot meet nutrient needs at this age unless nutrient supplements or fortified products are used

• Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables should be eaten daily
• Provide diets with adequate fat content

Avoid giving drinks with low nutrient value, such as tea, coffee and sugary drinks such as soda
• Limit the amount of juice offered so as to avoid displacing more nutrient rich foods

Feeding during illness
• Increase fluid intake during illness, including more frequent breastfeeding
•Encourage the child to eat soft, varied, appetizing, favorite foods
• After illness, give food more often than usual and encourage the child to eat more

Question 49

What are the differences between toddlers and preschoolers

Answer 49

Toddlers
•1–3 years old
•Growth rate is high, but slower than infancy
-Age 2: Gain 3–5 pounds, 3–5 inches

➢Preschoolers
•3–5 years old
•Need same nutrients as adults, but have
-Lower energy needs
-Smaller appetites
-Smaller stomachs

Question 50

Young children need to eat frequent, small meals and nutrient-dense foods
What are their energy needs per day?
How do you avoid choking hazards?

Answer 50

•Energy needs: 1,000–1,600 kcal per day
•Appropriate portion sizes
-Child-sized plates and cups
-“Mini”-sized food items

Avoid choking hazards
•Offer bite-sized pieces of food
•Limit availability of
-Hot dogs
-Nuts or seeds
-Chunks of meat, cheese, or peanut butter
-Whole grapes or raisins
-Hard candy or gum
-Popcorn
-Raw vegetables

Question 51

How much carbs do 1-3 year olds need?
How much do 4-8 year olds need

How much proteins do toddlers need?
What about preschoolers
How much fat do 2-3yr old kids need
What about 4 years and above kids?

Answer 51

Carbohydrate
•At least half of grain intake should be from whole grains
•Fiber recommendations:
-Ages 1–3 years = 19 grams
-Ages 4–8 years = 25 grams

Protein
•RDA (toddlers) = 1.1 grams per kilogram of body weight
•RDA (school-age) = 0.95 grams per kilogram of body weight
➢Fat
•Ages 2–3 years old = 30–35% of kilocalories from fat
•Age 4 and over = 25–35% of kilocalories from fat

Question 52

What is the importance of calcium ?
How much calcium do 1-3 yo need a day? 8 ounces of milk provides how many milligrams of calcium?
What’s the importance of iron?
Name some good sources of iron?
What’s a poor source of iron?

American Academy of Pediatrics recommends ages 1-8 years consume how much vitamin D per day
Name some sources of vitamin D
How many glasses of milk provided half the recommended intake ?

Answer 52

Calcium
•Necessary for healthy bone development
•Ages 1–3 years need 500 milligrams per day
-8 ounces of milk provides 300 milligrams
➢Iron
•Necessary during periods of rapid growth
•Good sources of iron for children include lean meats, beans, and iron-fortified cereals
•Cow’s milk is a poor source of iron

Vitamin D
•American Academy of Pediatrics recommends
-Ages 1–8 years consume 10 micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D per day
-Sources include fortified milk, egg yolk, and some fish
-Two 8-oz glasses of milk only provides half of the recommended intake
-Supplements or fortified cereals may be needed

Question 53

iron deficiency can lead to what problems in kids? What poisoning is it associated with? and how does iron toxicity occur?
How much of iron in milligrams can be fatal ?
Fluid recommendations for kids are based on what?
Drinking too much fluid may cause what?

Answer 53

Deficiency (Anemia)
•Most common nutrient deficiency in young children
•Can lead to developmental delays
•Exacerbates attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
•Associated with lead poisoning

➢Toxicity
•Leading cause of death in children under age 6
•Occurs because iron can build up in tissues and organs
-Ingesting 200 milligrams of iron can be fatal

Young children need nutrient-dense beverages
•Fluid recommendations are based on body weight
-Drinking too much fluid may reduce fiber or iron intake
•Preferred beverages include water and milk
•100% fruit juice can be provided in moderation
•Soda and sugary drinks should be avoided

Question 54

Concerning food behaviors, Eating habits form early in life
•Children will adapt to foods offered to them
➢A variety of food should be offered to young children
•A child may need to be exposed to a new food at least 10 times before accepting it
➢Division of responsibility
•Parents = What, when, and where food is offered
•Child = Whether or not to eat, and how much
➢“Cleaning the plate” may encourage overeating
True or false

Concerning food preferences, Parents have strong influence over children’s food preferences
•Children model after adult behaviors, both healthy and unhealthy
•Including young children in food shopping, menu planning, and meal preparation can encourage variety in their food consumption
True or false

What’s the difference between a picky eater and a food jag
How can you identify this in a child?
Long term jags lead to what?
Solutions to this include what?

Answer 54

True

Picky eating and “food jags” are common in young children
•Picky eating – not wanting to try new food
•Food jags – tendency to eat only a small selection of food
-Very common and normal, but also temporary
-Can be identified through a food diary
-Long-term jags increase risk of nutrient deficiency
-Solutions include
-Offering a variety of food items within the preferred food type
-Gradually weaning the child from the food item

Question 55

Young children can grow and develop normally on a well-balanced vegetarian diet
True or false
Name some vegan foods which are high in fiber.
What should be included in the diet

What are the ages for school aged kids?
Each year how much height and weight do the they gain?
Compared to toddlers and preschoolers school aged kids may do what?

Answer 55

•Vegetarian foods such as beans, nuts, seeds, and whole grains are high in fiber
-Multiple servings per day may exceed a young child’s fiber needs
•Good sources of calcium, iron, and zinc need to be included in the diet
•Supplementation of vitamin B12 may be necessary

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

School-Aged Children
➢Ages 6–12 years
➢Are not fully grown
•Each year, gain about 7 pounds and 2.5 inches
➢Compared to toddlers and preschoolers they
•Do not eat as many times per day
•Tend to be less hungry (maintain blood glucose longer)
•Can eat more food at each sitting
➢Can impact healthy development through dietary choices
➢Continue to develop habits based on modeling adult behaviors

Question 56

Toddlers grow at a slower rate than infants, and have smaller appetites
➢Frequent, small meals may be needed to provide adequate kilocalories, macronutrients, calcium, iron, and vitamin D
➢Appropriate beverages include water, milk, and 100% fruit juice
➢Small portion sizes should be encouraged, while “cleaning the plate” should be discouraged
➢A variety of foods should be offered, and parents should serve as role models for healthy eating
➢“Food jags” are normal and usually temporary
True or false
What si BMI

For kids the categories of BMI are overweight and at risk for overweight. Name the BMI percentile for both categories

Answer 56

True

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the measurement tool used to determine weight status
•For children, the categories are
-Overweight = BMI ≥ 95th percentile
-At risk for overweight = BMI ≥ 85th percentile

Question 57

What si child obesity and what are the causes of it

Answer 57

What is considered child obesity?
•Condition of a child’s having too much body weight for his or her height.
•The use of the word “obese” to describe children is controversial

➢What causes child obesity?
•Genetics: Only a small percent of cases
•Environment: Excess kilocalories, inadequate exercise
•Obese parents
•Prenatal overnutrition

Question 58

With regards to excess kilocalories as a source of child obesity name some sources of excess kcals and the food preferences of these obese kids

Answer 58

Sources include
•Regular soda, candy bars, potato chips
-Many of these products are sold within school buildings through vending machines or the cafeteria
-Also available in most convenience stores and shopping centers
-Typically replace healthy options such as milk, water, or fresh fruits and vegetables
•Increased portion sizes at meals and snacks
-Occurs both within and outside of the home

High sugar and high-fat foods are often preferred by school-aged children
•This could lead to an excess kilocalorie intake
➢These preferences are formed by
•Overexposure to television advertisements featuring appealing characters or famous spokespeople
•Modeling of parent or sibling eating behavior

Question 59

Why do low levels of exercise occur in school aged kids

How is child obesity prevented?

What is the treatment for child obesity

Answer 59

Low levels of exercise occur in school-aged children due to
•Increased “screen time” – exposure to a television, computer, or video games
•Less access to physical education in schools
•Increased use of a car for transportation

American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations
•Parents must ensure their children receive adequate nutrients without excess kilocalories
•A variety of healthy food must be offered to children
•“Screen time” must be limited to two hours or less per day

Weight loss is not recommended for overweight children
➢Weight maintenance allows for healthy growth
➢Increased physical activity is encouraged

Question 60

What is the role of breakfast,
What is adolescence and what happens in adolescence
Why is a healthy diet necessary at this time?

Answer 60

Eating breakfast may be associated with healthy body weight among children and adolescents
➢Many schools with the National School Lunch Program also offer a school breakfast
➢Eating breakfast may benefit
•Cognitive function, including memory
•Academic performance
•School attendance
•Psychosocial function
•Mood

Developmental period between childhood and adulthood
•Ages 9–19 years
•Physical changes occur, including a growth spurt
-Height increases
-Weight increases due to bone growth and gains in lean body mass and body fat stores
•Hormonal changes occur including the onset of menstruation for females
•A healthy diet is necessary at this time to ensure adequate nutrients, especially kilocalories, protein, calcium, and iron

Question 61

Under nutrition related behaviors , Desire for independence and individuality
•Making own food choices
•Having own transportation to access food
➢Influence of peers, media, and nonparent role models
•Exposure to unrealistic or unsafe eating practices
•May lead to adoption of damaging habits
True or false
What is the adequate intake of calcium for 9-18yo
Inadequate calcium intake can cause what

Answer 61

True

½ of peak bone mass accumulates in adolescence
➢AI for calcium = 1,300 mg for ages 9–18 years
•Inadequate calcium intake can lead to low peak bone mass and is a risk factor for osteoporosis

Question 62

Additional iron supports what?
Adolescent females need iron for what?
What’s the RDA for iron in females and for males also aged 14-18years
Iron deficiency is common among which people
Disordered eating patterns are more prevalent in which people and may be linked with what?
Teens often adopt unhealthy habits such as ?
What promotes healthy eating patterns?

Answer 62

Additional iron supports muscle growth and increased blood volume
•Adolescent females need iron to support menstruation
➢RDA for iron
•Females aged 14–18 years = 15 milligrams
•Males aged 14–18 years = 11 milligrams
➢Iron deficiency is common in adolescence, especially among individuals who limit intake of enriched grains, lean meats, and legumes

Disordered eating patterns are more prevalent in adolescent females than males
•May be linked with poor body image or low self-esteem
➢Teens often adopt unhealthy habits such as
•Skipping meals
•Using food substitutes
•Taking diet pills or nutritional supplements
•Purging through vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics
➢Eating family meals promotes healthy eating patterns

Question 63

Toddlers and preschoolers benefit from eating frequent, small meals consisting of nutrient-dense meals
➢Exposure to a variety of healthy foods is necessary to promote good nutrition
➢Picky eating and “food jags” are common, temporary behaviors
➢In childhood, obesity may result from overconsumption of kilocalories, especially in the form of soda or candy
➢Parents can serve as good role models by choosing healthy foods for themselves at family meals
➢Adolescence is characterized by a growth spurt which increases calcium and iron needs
➢A teenager’s eating habits may be influenced by peers or the media

True or false

When is adulthood reached?
What are the stages of adulthood

Answer 63

Adulthood is reached when both physical and emotional maturity are achieved

• Stages of adulthood:
-Young Adulthood: late teens to mid 40’s

• Middle Adulthood: 45 through mid 60’s
• Older adulthood: 65 and above

Question 64

What is life expectancy and life span
When is growth and maturation completed?
The main focus w regards to nutrition is what?

Answer 64

life expectancy: the average number of years lived by people in a given society. The life expectancy for Ghanaians is 62.4 years

•life span: the maximum number of years of life attainable by a member of a species

Growth and maturation are complete by early adulthood

•The main focus with regards to nutrition is maintaining a healthy and active life style and preventing diet-related health diseases such as:

• type 2 diabetes
• cardiovascular diseases

Question 65

Wise food choices, made throughout adulthood, can support a person’s ability to meet what things?
Name the goals that motivate adults to pay attention to their diets

Answer 65

Wise food choices, made throughout adulthood, can support a person’s ability to meet:

• Physical
• Emotional
• mental challenges
• and to enjoy freedom from disease

•Two goals motivate adults to pay attention to their diets:

• promoting health
• slowing aging

Question 66

Energy requirements of adults are based on what?

According to the Harris Benedict Energy Estimation formula ,how do you calculate resting metabolic rate for males?
What about females?

Answer 66

Energy
• Energy needs of adults are based on age, height, weight, gender and physical activity level

• The Harris Benedict Energy Estimation formula
Males: RMR = 66.5 + (13.75 × wt) + (5 × ht) – (6.8 × age)

Females: RMR = 665 + (9.6 × wt) + (1.8 ×ht)- (4.7 × age)

Note: weight is in kilograms, height is in centimeters, age in years
•RMR – Resting metabolic rate

Question 67

The protein requirement for adults is?
Most of the carbs intake for adults must be from where?
Fiber recommendations for women a dn men are?
Wha will help em meet the recommendations?
Fat should contribute to how much their daily energy j take?
Fat intake should largely be from which sources
Which fats intake should they reduce

Answer 67

●Protein
• The protein requirement for adults is 0.8g per kilogram body weight

●Carbohydrates
•Most of their carbohydrate intake must be from whole grains
•Fibre recommendations are 25g for women and 38grams for men
•Increasing wholegrains, fruits and vegetable intake will help them meet the recommendations

● Fats
•Fat should contribute 25 to 35% of their daily energy intake
•Their fat intakes should largely be from the poly and mono unsaturated sources
•Reduce intake of trans fats

Question 68

Iron
• The requirement for women is higher than men until menopause
Folic Acid
• Adult women must consume folic acid supplements
True or false
What’s the calcium requirements for adults 19-50years a day
What’s the vitamin D requirement sfor adults per day?
Name some lifestyle behaviors that have great influence on peoples health

Answer 68

●

● Calcium
• Requirement for adults 19 to 50years is 1000mg/day

●Vitamin D
•Requirement for adults is 5µg/day

Lifestyle behaviors that have great influence on people’s health:
•Sleeping regularly and adequately
•Eating well-balanced meals, including breakfast, regularly
• Engaging in physical activity regularly
•Not smoking
•Not using alcohol, or using it in moderation
• Maintaining a healthy body weight

Question 69

What are critical periods in pregnancy?
Why is important to ensure adequate folate intake before pregnancy?
Why is it important to keep blood glucose levels under control during pregnancy?
What effects can lifestyle choices related to alcohol, drugs, herbal and botanical products and smoking have on pregnancy outcome?
What are some practices that can help women cope with nausea during pregnancy?​
Why are heart burns and constipation common in pregnancy?
Why are children aged 1-2 years vulnerable to iron deficiency anemia?
Answer these questions

Answer 69

Critical periods: preembryo 1-2 weeks,embryo: 3-8 weeks
Fetus: 9-20 weeks
Full term: 20-38

Because folate prevents the formation of neural tube defects or reduces risk of neural tube defects

To prevent gestational diabetes

Smoking increases the risk of infertility, a low birth weight baby, stunted growth or intellectual development, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
-Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD);

Botanicals are parts of a plant believed to have medicinal or therapeutic effects
•Herbs such as blue cohosh, juniper, goldenseal and raspberry tea may cause contractions of the uterus leading to miscarrage or premature labor

Small, frequent meals, avoiding an empty stomach, high carbohydrate foods, ginger, and salty foods combined with sour and tart beverages help manage nausea

Changing hormone levels in early pregnancy cause the intestines to slow down the movement of stool through the bowel. This delay increases the amount of water that the colon absorbs from the stool, which makes it more solid and difficult to pass

Indigestion, also called heartburn or acid reflux, is common in pregnancy. It can be caused by hormonal changes and the growing baby crowds the abdomen thereby pressing against your stomach.this pushes the stomach upward thereby pushing the stomach acids upward. Also the progesterone causes the During pregnancy, the hormone progesterone causes the valve to relax, which can increase the frequency of heartburn. This allows stomach acid to pass into the esophagus and irritate the lining.

Because they grow rapidly, infants and toddlers need to absorb a lot of iron each day.

Question 70

What are food allergies?
What food commonly cause allergic response and should not be introduced in infancy?
Sandy, who is 4 months pregnant, has been having heartburn after meals, constipation and difficult bowel movements. What remedies might you suggest to Sandy to relieve her problems?
Tatiana has been breastfeeding her baby exclusively since he was born 7 months ago. When she and her husband took the baby for his checkup, they were told that he was anemic. They were very surprised because they thought that human milk contained all the first year of life. How might you explain the baby’s anemia?
Irene and Chris had a baby 11 months ago. At the last checkup, the doctor told them to start feeding the baby some new solid food. After 5 days of eating new food, the baby woke up with a runny nose and vomiting. The doctor told them to stop giving the baby that food. How can the doctor justify her recommendation?
Answer these questions

Answer 70

An unpleasant or dangerous immune system reaction after a certain food is eaten

Cow milk

For heartburn: she should eat less fatty food ,less spicy food, elevate the head after meals,no carbonated drinks,she shouldn’t eat too much food

Constipation: more fiber to her diet ,drink more fluids,be physically active

Breast milk contains relatively small amounts of iron, but the iron has a high bioavailability
Likely plan is to give the child formula fortified with iron (no iron in the formula so you’re giving more iron) or enriched w iron(formula already had iron and more iron is given)

The recommendation is justified because the baby is likely to be allergic to that food.