Flashcards in Life Span Development Deck (29)
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Infancy (chrono)
Birth to 1 yr
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Toddler Phase (chrono)
12-36 mo
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Preschool Age (chromo)
3-5 yr
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School Age (chromo)
6-12 yr
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Adolescence (chrono)
13-18 yr
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Early Adulthood (chrono)
19-40 yr
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Middle Adulthood (chrono)
41-60 yr
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Late Adulthood (chromo)
61 yr & older
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Infancy Physiological Characteristics
• 3.0–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb) at birth
• Weight doubles by 6 months; triples by 12 months
• Head 25% of body weight
• Airway narrow; easily obstructed
• Nose and diaphragm used for breathing
• Antibodies passed from mother to child in pregnancy
• Antibodies also passed through breastfeeding
• Sleep patterns
– Begin to regulate after 2–4 months
– Then sleeps through night
• Extremities grow from a combination of growth plates and epiphyseal plates
• Fontanelles not fused at birth—still soft until 9–18 months
• Sunken fontanelles: indicate dehydration
• Bulging fontanelles: indicate increased pressure inside skull
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Moro Reflex
Startle -– Throws arms out, spreads fingers, grabs with fingers and arms
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Palmar Reflex
– Grasps objects placed in palm
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Rooting Reflex
(hunger)– Turns toward side of head touched
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Sucking Reflex
– Sucks when lips are stroked
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Infancy Psychosocial Characteristics
• Bonding
• Trust vs. mistrust
• Scaffolding
• Temperament
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Toddler Phase Physiological Characteristics
• Pulmonary system
• Nervous system
• Musculoskeletal system
• Immune system
• Teeth
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Toddler Phase Psychosocial Characteristics
• Begins to understand cause and effect
• Highly curious and investigating
• Separation anxiety
• Begins to develop “magic thinking,” imagination, and ability to role play
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Preschool Age Physiological and
Psychosocial Characteristics
• Physiological
– Body systems continue to develop
• Psychosocial
– Developing interactive and social skills
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School Age
• Physiological
– Loss of baby teeth
• Psychosocial
– Less general supervision
– Developing decision-making skills
– More awareness of self-esteem
– Values opinions of peers (positive or negative)
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Adolescence (13-18 years) Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics
• Growth spurt
• Sexual maturity
• Strives for independence
• Concern about body image and peer pressure
• May be prone to self destructive behaviors
• Developing personal code of ethics
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Early Adulthood (19–40 Years) Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics
• Physiological
– Lifelong habits formed
– Reaches peak physical condition
• Psychosocial
– Job and family stress
– Marriage, childbirth, child rearing
– Accidents leading cause of death
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Middle Adulthood (41-60 Years) Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics
• Physiological
– May need vision correction
– Cancer, heart disease often develop
– Weight control more difficult
• Psychosocial
– Empty-nest syndrome
– Caring for elderly parents
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Late Adulthood (61 Years & Older) Physiological and Psychosocial Characteristics
• Physiological
– Body systems less efficient
• Psychosocial
– Living environment
– Self-worth
– Financial burdens
– Death and dying
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Chapter Review Life Stage
• Understanding basic physiological and psychosocial development for each age group will assist you in communicating with and assessing patients of various ages.
• Communicating with patients will depend on their stage of development: could be fear of strangers, separation anxiety,
embarrassment, denial, depression.
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Chapter Review Life Stage
• Physiological differences between ages will affect your care (for example: differences in respiratory systems; effects
of pre-existing conditions).
• Infants and young children have less developed, smaller respiratory structures which can worsen respiratory conditions.
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Life Stage Development - Remember
• Infants present massive bursts of anatomical and psychosocial development in the first year of life.
• Although preschoolers begin to develop independence and reason, in many ways they still resemble the psychosocial development of toddlers.
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Life Stage Development - Remember
• School-age children often are independent and logical, but that may crumble with illness or injury.
• Adolescents are reaching physiological maturity, but they often face difficult psychosocial challenges.
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Life Stage Development - Remember
• Early, middle, and late adults vary greatly in terms of physiological development and
conditioning; they also face psychosocial challenges unique to adulthood.
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Questions to Consider
• How do I approach a patient most effectively based on developmental characteristics?
• Does the age of my patient pose any assessment or care challenges based on physiologic development?
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