Lifecycle Nutrition Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
during pregnancy, the diet must support the health of
A
a woman and her growing baby
2
Q
full term pregnancy lasts
A
39-40 weeks from conception to birth
3
Q
full term baby is
A
37 weeks and after
4
Q
doctors won’t let babies go past
A
42 weeks
5
Q
pregnancy is divided into
A
three 13 week trimesters
6
Q
prenatal development is divided into 2 periods
A
- embryonic
- fetal
7
Q
the role of the placenta
A
- nutrients are delivered to and wastes are transported from the developing embryo through the placenta
- prevents passage of red blood cells, bacteria, and many parge proteins from mother to fetus
- alcohol, drugs, and other potentially harmful substances can cross the placenta
- releases hormones required to support the physiological changes of pregnancy
8
Q
placenta is connected to the baby via
A
the umbilical cord
9
Q
critical periods
A
developmental stages during which cells and tissue rapidly grow and differentiate to form body structures
10
Q
critical periods occur in the
A
1st trimester
11
Q
during these critical periods of the 1st trimester, vulnerable to
A
- vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and other harmful factors
- the harm that results is often irreversible
12
Q
inadequate iron during early pregnancy is associated with
A
poor cognitive development
13
Q
what things may be able to alter how genes are expressed during critical periods
A
metabolic or fetal programming
14
Q
what vitamin levels do we want to make sure are high early on, like right at conception
A
vitamin B12
15
Q
prospective partners should practice healthy habits
A
a man’s and female’s lifestyle and diet habits can affect fertility
16
Q
factors that may decrease sperm production and function
A
- smoking
- alcohol and drug use
- obesity
17
Q
nutrients that promote healthy sperm production
A
- folate and zinc: production of healthy sperm
- antioxidants: protect sperm from free radical damage
18
Q
free radicals
A
when molecules have an unpaired electron and can cause damage to healthy molecules
19
Q
behaviors important for a healthy pregnancy
A
attain a healthy weight (for you) before conception
20
Q
obesity and overweight are associated with
A
- infertility
- pregnancy complications (diabetes, hypertension, induced labor, C-section)
- birth defects
- preterm delivery
- difficult delivery
21
Q
underweight women are at risk of delivering
A
low birth weight or small for gestational age babies
22
Q
low birth weight or small for gestational age babies
A
babies at higher risk for developmental disabilities, lung disease, and dying within the first year of life
23
Q
during pregnancy, limit caffeine intake to
A
< 200 mg/day
24
Q
smoking during pregnancy increases risk of
A
- infertility
- a low birth weight baby
- stunted growth or intellectual development
- sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
25
drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
26
pregnant women are advised to abstain completely from
alcohol
27
illicit drugs can increase the risk of
- miscarriage
- preterm labor
- low birth weight baby
- birth defects
28
beware of supplements and herbs because they can
pass through the placenta
29
for a health pregnancy, women should
manage chronic conditions
30
physiological changes in the mother in the 1st trimester
- tender breasts
- random food carvings and aversions
- pica
- morning sickness or nausea
31
pica
- the carving of nonfood substances
- this practice can harm the mother and baby
- rare
- associated with low blood levels of iron
32
morning sickness or nausea can occur
at any time of the day
33
morning sickness or nausea
- emotional stress can aggravate the problem
- occurs because of changes in hormones
34
ways to alleviate the symptoms of morning sickness or nausea
vitamin B6 and ginger
35
what percent of women experience vomiting throughout pregnancy
10-15%
36
what percent of women's water breaks naturally
10%
37
recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on BMI of < 18.5 (underweight)
gain 28-40 pounds
38
recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on BMI of 18.5-24.9 (healthy normal)
gain 25-35 pounds
39
recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on BMI of 25-29.9 (overweight)
gain 15-25 pounds
40
recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on BMI of >30 (obese)
gain 11-20 pounds
41
healthy women gain an average of
27.5 pounds
42
of the pregnancy weight women gain
- fetus is about 1/3 of the weight gained
- maternal fat stores, uterus, breasts, placenta, blood, and other fluids comprise the rest
43
weight gain in the 1st trimester
only about 2 pounds
44
additional kcals in the 1st trimester
1st trimester doesn't need any additional kcals
45
increased needs for vitamins and minerals during pregnancy
50% increase in needs for folate, zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and vitamin D
46
folate
- need 600 micrograms daily
- take a supplement or consume folate rich foods
- increase folic acid and folate
47
folic acid rich foods
leafy greens and whole foods
48
folate protects against
neural tube defects
49
iron
- needed to make additional red blood cells
- prevents anemia
- essential for fetal growth and development
- needed for the growth of the placenta
- a prenatal vitamin supplement is needed to meet iron needs
50
zinc and copper
increased need due to inhibited absorption by iron
51
if iron levels are low
will struggle to absorb zinc and copper
52
calcium and vitamin D
- needed to support fetal bone growth
- prevent low bone mass in the mother
53
choline should be consumed by every mother
cognitive function and brain function of the baby
54
choline is found in
egg yolks, chicken, and broccoli
55
other needed nutrients if mother is vegetarian or vegan
omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin B12
56
overconsumption of vitamin A can be toxic in high amounts
associated with birth defects
57
there is a risk of toxicity with vitamins
but it's rare due to prevalence of deficiency
58
foodborne illness is a concern
the immune system is weakened during pregnancy
59
pregnant women should avoid
- raw or undercooked meats, fish, and poultry
- unpasteurized milk, cheese, and juices
- raw sprouts
60
additional kcals needed in the 2nd trimester
an additional 340 kcals daily
61
amount of carbohydrate needs in the 2nd trimester
minimum of 175 g carbohydrates per day
62
amount of protein needs in the 2nd trimester
protein needs increase 35% to about a minimum of 71 g daily and a range of 80-100 g daily
63
in the 2nd trimester, people with high BMIs
aren't recommended to consume extra kcals
64
in the 2nd trimester make sure to get enough exercise
- 30 minutes or more of moderate, low impact exercise on most days
- avoid significant increases in body core temperature
65
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
- occurs when a woman develops high blood glucose levels during her pregnancy
- typically onsets after the 20th week (after the 2nd half of the pregnancy)
66
GDM may result in
macrosomia (large baby at birth)
67
GDM creates an increased risk for
- jaundice
- breathing problems
- birth defects
- hypoglycemia after birth
68
hypoglycemia
mom overproducing insulin during pregnancy --> baby overproducing insulin after birth
69
risk factors of GDM
- weight
- age
- prediabetes
- ethnicity
- history of GDM in the family
- family history of diabetes
- previous delivery of large baby at birth
70
if you have GDM
you are more likely to have diabetes continued in life
71
more pregnancies you have
greater risk for GDM
72
GDM impacts what percent of pregnancies
about 10%
73
GDM is seen more in
- minorities
- higher rates with higher rates of diabetes seen
- family history increases likelihood
74
GDM screening is conducted
between 24-28 weeks gestation because in the 2nd half of pregnancy there is a switch from anabolic to catabolic
75
two types of GDM screenings
1-hour and 3-hoour OGTT
76
the 1-hour OGTT
- a screener test
- not fasted
77
the 3-hour OGTT
- a diagnostic tool
- a fasted test
78
the 1-hour involves the intake of how much glucose
50 g of glucose
79
the 3-hour involves the intake of how much glucose
100 g of glucose (double the 1-hour)
80
if the 1-hour OGTT test is above this number, then the 3-hour test is done
> 140 mg/dl
81
3-hour test check in points
- fasting
- 1-hour
- 2-hours
- 3-hours
82
amount at fasting check in
less than 95 mg/dl
83
amount at 1-hour check in
less than 180 mg/dl
84
amount at 2-hour check in
less than 155 mg/dl
85
amount at 3-hour check in
less than 140 mg/dl
86
using the 3-hour test, what needs to have in order to get diagnosed with GDM
you have to exceed two of the amounts listed for the check ins
87
pregnancy-induced hypertension includes 3 categories
- gestational hypertension
- preeclampsia
- eclampsia
88
gestational hypertension
occurs early in pregnancy in women with no history of hypertension
89
preeclampsia
- characterized by hypertension, severe edema, and protein losses in the urine (proteinuria)
- deprives the fetus of oxygen
- deprives nutrient rich blood from the placenta
- higher rates are seen in younger and older pregnancies
90
eclampsia
- can cause seizures
- major cause of death of women during pregnancy
- increased risk for hemorrhage
91
the only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia is
to deliver the baby
92
kcals needed in the 3rd trimester
add an extra 450 kcals
93
the growing baby exerts pressure on the mother's intestines and stomach, which can cause heartburn - ways to avoid this
- eat frequent, small meals
- avoid spicy or highly seasoned foods
- avoid lying down immediately after meals
94
hormonal changes slow movement of food through the GI tract, which may cause constipation - ways to avoid this
- exercise and consume fiber rich foods
- increase water intake when increasing fiber
95
teenage mothers may face nutritional challenges
have a higher risk of smoking and alcohol abuse
96
age 35+ mothers are at higher risk for complications
termed geriatric pregnancy
97
lactation
- the production of milk in a woman's body after birth
- the infant suckling at the mother's breast stimulates milk production
98
prolactin
stimulates milk production
99
oxytocin
releases milk for infant to receive through the nipple "letdown response" (the love hormone)
100
breastfeeding
mother provides food that is uniquely tailored to meet her infant's nutritional needs in an easily digestible form
101
breastfeeding right after birth
breast milk contains colostrum
102
colostrum
- a yellowish fluid that is lower in fat but higher in protein, vitamin A, minerals, and immune factors
- called liquid gold
103
breastfeeding 4-7 days after birth
breast milk is high in lactose, fat and B vitamins and lower in fat-soluble vitamins, sodium, and other minerals
104
takes time for the milk to come in after birth
- skin to skin contact helps
- expected to see drop in weight in the baby after birth
105
breastfeeding at 6-7 months
- breast milk has less protein
- around 6 months you start solids
106
the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends supplementing breast fed babies with
vitamin D
107
benefits of breast milk for the baby
- protects against infection, allergies, and chronic disease
- decreases risk and severity of diarrhea and other intestinal disorders, respiratory and ear infections, meningitis, and UTIs
- breastfeed babies' poop doesn't smell
- protects against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and inflammation
- provides antioxidants, hormones, enzymes, and growth factors
- reduces childhood obesity
- brain development
108
breast milk effect on brain development
- breast milk contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA)
- needed for vision and the CNS
- breast fed infants may have greater cognitive function
109
American Academy of Pediatrics and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for
- the first 6 months
- and combined with foods during at least the first year
110
physical benefits of breastfeeding for mothers
- oxytocin helps return the uterus to its pre-pregnancy size and shape
- reduces blood loss in the mother after delivery
- may reduce risk for breast and ovarian cancer
- may reduce risk for hip fractures later in life, increase bone density, and reduce risk for type 2 diabetes
111
other benefits of breastfeeding for mothers
- stress reduction and bonding
- it's free
112
additional kcals needed during the first 6 months of breastfeeding
500 kcals per day
113
additional kcals needed during the second 6 months of breastfeeding
400 kcals per day
114
amount of cups of fluid needed per day for breastfeeding mothers
13 cups of fluid per day to meet increased fluid needs
115
during lactation
a well balanced diet should meet nutrient needs
116
lactating women who are vegans need adequate amounts of
vitamin B12 and zinc
117
low B12 levels in the baby can lead to
permanent cognitive damages
118
substances in the mother's body are transmitted through breast milk
- avoid alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and smoking
- the answer should not be 0% alcohol
- alcohol metabolizes out of breast milk at the same rate it metabolizes out of your blood
- limit caffeine consumption and fish containing methylmercury
119
how should you breastfeed
want to empty one breast completely then switch to the other
120
some women might not be able to breastfeed
- women with certain diseases or conditions
- infants with galactosemia cannot metabolize lactose
- women taking prescribed medications should check with their doctor or pharmacist to ensure they are safe
121
formula can be a healthy alternative to breastfeeding
- developed to be as similar as possible to breast milk
- standard formula is made from modified cow's milk
- expensive
122
avoid letting infants sleep with a bottle containing sugary liquids
as it leads to nursing bottle tooth decay or baby bottle tooth decay and increased risk for ear infections
