Lifespan Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
As described by Kohlberg, the conventional level of moral development consists of which of the following stages?
A
“good boy/good girl” and law and order orientation
2
Q
Rowe and Kahn’s (1987) model of successful aging includes all of the following except:
A
acceptance of the normal effects of aging.
3
Q
Lucas-Thompson et al.’s (2010) research on children’s outcomes when their mothers return to work outside the home during the children’s second or third year of life found that, overall, maternal employment during this period:
A
is not predictive of later development of significant behavioral or academic achievement problems
4
Q
According to some investigators, the acquisition of most aspects of human development have a ________ period. This means that these skills can be acquired most easily during a particular period of time but can be acquired later, although it may be more difficult to do so.
A
sensitive
5
Q
By about ____ months of age, children’s babbling narrows to include only sounds and sound combinations that belong to the language they hear every day.
A
9
6
Q
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an:
A
autosomal recessive disorder
7
Q
Instrumental aggression usually first appears in children by the time they are ____ of age and then peaks at _____ of age.
A
1 year; 2 years
8
Q
A parent can expect that his or her baby will begin to use two-word sentences (telegraphic speech) when the baby is between ________ months of age.
A
18-24 months
9
Q
According to Diana Baumrind, parents who are ___________ are most likely to have children who are self-confident and cooperative and have high levels of academic achievement.
A
C. high in demandingness and high in responsivenes
10
Q
At the beginning of the school year, a researcher tells a first-grade teacher that a test had been administered to all students in kindergarten and the results indicated that five of her 22 students – Bob G., Liang C., Ellen A., Isadore R., and Lucia V. – will show significant gains in academic achievement this year. Even though the five children were actually randomly selected, all showed significant gains in academic skills by the end of the school year. Which of the following best explains these results?
A
rosenthal effect
11
Q
In response to the “Heinz dilemma,” some of Kohlberg’s research subjects said Heinz should not steal the drug for his wife because, if he does, he might be sent to jail for stealing. This response is characteristic of Kohlberg’s __________ level of moral development.
A
preconventional
12
Q
Ainsworth and her colleagues used the “strange situation” to study:
A
attachment in babies
13
Q
Greenstein’s (2016) cross-national study found that _______ in his sample obtained the highest average score on a measure of life satisfaction.
A
married men
14
Q
An infant’s babbling initially includes sounds from all languages but begins to narrow to the sounds of the infant’s native language by about ___ months of age.
A
9
15
Q
The symptoms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are:
A
largely irreversable
16
Q
As described by Vygotsky, “scaffolding” refers to which of the following?
A
B. assistance from adults and more experienced peers
17
Q
Which of the following is true about the contribution of shared and non-shared environmental factors to personality?
A
B. Non-shared factors have a stronger influence than shared factors on personality.
18
Q
According to Piaget, children begin to be able to observe another child perform a complex action and then imitate that action for the first time on the following day when they’re between ________ months of age.
A
18 and 24
19
Q
Which of the following is associated with stage 6 of Kohlberg’s model of moral development?
A
universal ethical principles
20
Q
Accounts for 4% of Down Syndrome cases; 46 chromosomes in all cells of the body with some cells having a full or partial chromosome attached (translocated) to another chromosome
A
translocation trisomy 21
21
Q
Samantha, age 16, says that it’s not necessary to use protection when having sex with her boyfriend because “there’s no way I’m going to get pregnant.” According to Elkind (1976), this is an example of which of the following?
A
the personal fable
22
Q
Wills, Yaeger, and Sandy (2003) investigated the relationship between religiosity and substance use among adolescents and found that:
A
a high level of religiosity acts as a buffer between exposure to life stress and subsequent alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use.
23
Q
An adolescent says, “I’m trying real hard to figure out what I want to do with my life and haven’t decided whether I want to get married and have children or what college major or career I want to pursue.” These comments are most consistent with Marcia’s (1966) __________ status.
A
moratorium
24
Q
In their study of the relationship between IQ and socioeconomic status (SES), Capron and Duyme (1989) compared the later IQ scores obtained by four groups of children who had been adopted soon after birth and whose biological parents and adoptive parents were either high or low in SES. Their study found that:
A
being adopted by high-SES parents had a positive effect on children’s IQs and being adopted by low-SES parents had a negative effect on children’s IQs regardless of the SES of their biological parents
25
Which of the following terms is used to describe the tendency of children and adolescents to seek experiences that reinforce their genetic predispositions?
niche-picking
26
Age is one of the factors that affect a child’s risk for maltreatment, with the risk being greatest for children:
below 1 year of age
27
Which of the following infants is at greatest risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
a 5-month-old African American boy
28
In response to the “Heinz dilemma,” some of Kohlberg’s research subjects said it was wrong for Heinz to steal a drug to try to save his dying wife because Heinz would get caught and sent to jail. This response is characteristic of Kohlberg’s __________ level of moral development.
preconventional
29
adolescents in this Erickson's stage line up with Freud's genital stage and the virtue is fidelity
identity vs. role confusion
30
Self-conscious emotions ordinarily emerge when a child is ________ months of age.
18 to 24
31
Based on the results of their review of research on relational aggression, Voulgaridou and Kokkinos (2015) concluded that the studies have:
consistently found that adolescent boys engage in more physical aggression but have provided mixed results about gender differences in relational aggression.
32
As described by Wallerstein and Blakeslee (1989), the “sleeper effect” occurs when:
A. girls who seem relatively unaffected by the divorce of their parents during childhood exhibit problems in late adolescence or early adulthood.
33
As defined by Singer (2005), self-defining memories have all of the following characteristics except:
B. resistance to change.
34
When a child learns the word “dada,” she initially applies it to all adult males. This is an example of which of the following?
overextension
35
Research on the heritability of intelligence has found that:
C. the influence of genetics increases over the lifespan and, in adulthood, exceeds the influence of shared and non-shared environmental factors.
36
A heritability estimate for a particular trait is most useful for understanding the extent to which:
B. variability in the trait in a given population is due to genetic versus environmental factors.
37
The research has found that, in adulthood, __________ memory is most negatively affected by increasing age.
secondary
38
The earliest time in fetal development when the fetus has a good chance of survival outside the womb is referred to as the age of viability. The age that marks the lower limit of viability is generally considered to be ________ weeks after conception.
22
39
Which of the following is ordinarily one of the first self-conscious emotions to emerge?
embarrassment
40
The “culture of honor” in the southern United States has been linked to which of the following?
certain types of violence
41
In terms of age, Freud’s latency stage corresponds to Erikson’s ________ stage.
industry versus inferiority
42
The limits of Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development are defined by:
the child’s independent performance and the child’s performance with assistance.
43
In a research study, a baby’s willingness to crawl across a “visual cliff” depends on whether his mother, who is standing on the other side of the cliff, is smiling or has a fearful expression on her face. The baby’s behavior is best explained by which of the following?
social referencing
44
Data collected by Bouchard and McGue (1981) indicate that the median correlation coefficient for IQ scores is lowest for which of the following?
biological parent and child living apart
45
Research investigating the consequences of divorce for women and men has found that:
women usually experience greater economic hardship than men do, and the hardship is often chronic.
46
Kohlberg’s model of gender-role development distinguishes between three stages, the first of which is:
gender identity.
47
The adolescent growth spurt begins:
about two years earlier for girls than boys.
48
As described by Baumrind and her colleagues, parents with a(n) ____________ parenting style have high levels of both demandingness-control and acceptance-responsiveness.
authoritative
49
Rett syndrome (which is also referred to as RTT) is usually caused by:
a mutated gene on an X chromosome.
50
The 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (SAMHSA, 2016) found that the largest percentage of respondents ages 12 to 17 used which the following in the previous month?
alc
51
Juffer and van IJzendoorn (2005) conducted a meta-analysis of studies comparing mental health outcomes of international adoptees, domestic adoptees, and nonadopted peers and found that:
international adoptees had higher rates of internalizing and externalizing problems than nonadopted peers had but lower rates than domestic adoptees had.
52
Noam Chomsky attributed language acquisition to which of the following?
an innate language acquisition device
53
Amato (1993) reviewed empirical research on five factors that have been found to negatively impact the adjustment of children after the divorce of their parents, and he concluded that the research most consistently supports the link between __________ and negative outcomes for children.
inter parental conflict
54
A meta-analysis of the research by the APA Task Force on Violent Media (2015) found that exposure to violent videogames:
increases aggressive behaviors, cognitions, and affect and decreases empathy.
55
According to Selman (1980), children ages 3 to 6 are most likely to say that friends are children who:
play with or live near them.
56
The Oregon model of parent management training developed by Gerald Patterson and his colleagues (1982) was based on their research that found a link between high levels of aggressiveness in children and:
coercive family interactions.
57
Research has shown that sense of self and language skills are most useful for understanding which of the following?
childhood amnesia
58
Research on gender segregation has found that most children begin to prefer same-sex playmates between:
2 and 3 years of age with girls showing a preference earlier than boys do.
59
Which of the following best describes the gender gap in self-esteem?
B. Males have higher self-esteem than females do from late childhood through late adulthood.
60
Of the five senses, ______ is least well-developed at birth.
sight
61
Research on sex differences has most often found which of the following?
A. Boys obtain higher scores on measures of visual/spatial skills (especially on tasks involving mental rotation), while girls obtain higher scores on most measures of verbal skills.
62
Paralanguage is best described as:
how a person says something.
63
A 14-year-old gets a “bad” haircut and doesn’t want to go to school because he thinks everybody will be staring and laughing at him because of his hair. As described by Elkind (1981), this is an example of:
the imaginary audience.
64
Instead of “I went there,” 30-month-old Mandy says, “I goed there.” This is an example of which of the following?
overregularization
65
Overregularization occurs when a child misapplies rules for forming plurals and past tense – for example,
adds “ed” to all verbs to express past tense even when it’s inappropriate to do so. (Underregularization is a “made-up” term and is not an actual language error.)
66
Research on the effects of divorce on parents and children has identified a “sleeper effect” which refers to which of the following?
C. The delay in the onset of problematic behavior in girls following the divorce.
67
According to Selman (1980), 3- and 4-year old children are most likely to say that a friend is someone:
they play with
68
In their longitudinal study of the effects of overcontrolling parenting, Perry and colleagues (2018) found that children’s levels of __________ at age 5 were mediators that linked overcontrolling parenting during toddlerhood to poor emotional, social, and academic functioning at 10 years of age.
emotion regulation and inhibitory control
69
Mirror self-recognition has been identified as a prerequisite for the emergence of the initial secondary emotions which include:
embarrassment and envy.
70
A child says that a person who breaks eight dishes by accident should receive more punishment than a person who breaks two dishes on purpose. As described by Piaget, this child is in which stage of moral development?
heteronomous
71
Which of the following is not included in Rowe and Kahn’s (1987) three-component model of successful aging?
positive self-perception of aging
72
As described by Piaget, the ability to conserve emerges during the concrete operational stage and depends on which of the following?
transformational thinking
73
Carstensen, Gottman, and Levenson (1995) found that, compared to dissatisfied middle-aged married couples, dissatisfied older married couples:
show more restraint in expressing negative emotions.
74
Some investigators interested in peer relationships have compared the outcomes for children who are either rejected or neglected by their peers. Their studies have found that:
rejected children have worse outcomes than neglected children and are less likely to experience a change in status when they change peer groups.
75
A frequently cited meta-analysis of the research by Lucas-Thompson and colleagues (2010) found that a mother’s return to work during the first 3 years of her child’s life:
does not have significant effects on a child’s later behavior and academic achievement, although outcomes are affected somewhat by the family structure and income.
76
A number of studies have investigated the effects of parental ethnic/racial socialization on various outcomes for African American children and adolescents. With regard to ethnic identity, these studies suggest that:
cultural socialization has been more consistently linked to the development of a positive ethnic identity than preparation for bias has.
77
For most infants, separation anxiety begins when the infant is between __________ months of age.
6 and 8
78
As described by Vygotsky, private speech is:
A. a means of self-guidance that eventually becomes inner speech.
79
Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development views development as being:
discontinuous and active.
80
Research by Baumrind (1971) and others has found that the best outcomes for children and adolescents occur when their parents have an authoritative parenting style, which is characterized by which of the following?
high demandingness and high responsiveness
81
Piaget attributed children’s ability to engage in deferred imitation and make-believe play to:
the ability to create mental representations.
82
Studies investigating the relationship between Baumrind’s parenting styles and children’s bullying behavior and victimization by a bully have found that:
B. authoritarian and permissive parenting are both associated with an increased risk for bullying and victimization, but authoritarian parenting is more strongly related to bullying behavior and permissive parenting is more strongly related to victimization.
83
Which of the following best describes the outcomes associated with early and late onset puberty for boys and girls?
C. Early onset puberty has more favorable outcomes for boys, while late onset puberty has more favorable outcomes for girls.
84
For most children, stranger anxiety begins at about _______ months of age.
8
85
Piaget found that some forms of conservation are understood before others and that the forms of conservation develop in a predictable sequence. He referred to this as:
horizontal decalage.
86
Most babies exhibit a “vocabulary spurt” at about ___ months of age when they use about 50 words and thereafter acquire additional words very quickly.
18
87
Which of the following is an example of a morpheme?
mis
88
a morpheme is
the smallest units of language that convey meaning and lose that meaning if divided further. Morphemes include words, prefixes and suffixes. For example, the word misspelled consists of a prefix (mis), a word (spell), and a suffix (ed).
89
Piaget proposed that, during substage 3 (secondary circular reactions) of the sensorimotor stage, an infant:
B. repeats behaviors that elicit a response from a person or object.
90
Which of the following interventions is used to prevent the intellectual disabilities caused by phenylketonuria (PKU)?
a special diet
91
Carstensen’s (1992) socioemotional selectivity theory proposes that, as we get older:
B. emotionally meaningful goals become more important and knowledge-related goals become less important.
92
In Ainsworth’s (Ainsworth et al., 1978) “strange situation,” an infant with an ____________ attachment pattern is indifferent to his/her mother and may act as though she’s not present, shows little or no distress when she leaves, and ignores her when she returns. Mothers of children with this attachment pattern are often ____________.
A. avoidant; rejecting/unresponsive or intrusive/overstimulating
93
Which of the following women is at greatest risk for having a child with standard (nondisjunction) trisomy 21?
B. a 42-year-old European American woman
94
All of the following are “red flags” that suggest a young child should be referred for a speech/language evaluation except:
A. no canonical babbling (e.g., bababa) by 5 months of age.
95
Rosenfeld and Roesler (2019) compared the rates of marital dissolution of couples who had or had not cohabited prior to marriage. They found that couples who had cohabited had:
A. a decreased risk for marital dissolution during the first year of marriage only.
96
Damon (1988) proposed that children’s friendships develop in three stages, the last of which is:
B. intimacy and loyalty
97
The studies have found that sensitivity to depth cues develops in infancy in a stage-like sequence, with sensitivity to ________ cues developing first.
kinetic
98
As described by Piaget, children in the heteronomous stage of moral reasoning base their judgments about a person’s behavior on which of the following?
A. the consequences of the behavior
99
With regard to moral development:
A. Piaget and Kohlberg both concluded that peers have a greater influence than parents do.
100
Researchers found that the attachment patterns of some young children do not fit the three patterns described by Ainsworth and identified disorganized/disoriented attachment as a fourth pattern that’s often characteristic of children who:
C. have been abused or neglected by caregivers.
101
Of Gottman and Levenson’s (2002) “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse,” which is the best predictor of divorce?
contempt
102
Researchers using the mirror task have found that most infants begin to recognize themselves in a mirror by about ____ months of age.
18
103
Bem’s (1981) gender schema theory incorporates elements of which of the following to explain how children learn about gender roles and acquire a gender identity?
A. cognitive developmental theory and social learning theory
104
A child says he doesn’t steal because it’s against the law. Based on this information, you can conclude that this child is in which of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
conventional
105
The earliest time in fetal development when the fetus has a good chance of survival outside the womb is referred to as the age of viability. This age is generally considered to be between ________ weeks after conception.
22 and 26
106
Based on her observations of children 2-1/2 to 4 years of age, Mildred Parten (1932) derived six types of social participation that differ in terms of level of social complexity. Of these six types, she identified which of the following as the most socially complex?
cooperative play
107
Which of the following syndromes is not caused by a chromosomal deletion?
Klinefelter
108
Data collected by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2018) indicate that members of which age group are at highest risk for child maltreatment?
0 to 3 yrs of age
109
The smallest distinctive units of sound in a language are referred to as:
phonemes
110
Research on infantile amnesia has consistently found that:
C. most older children and adults are unable to recall autobiographical events that occurred when they were less than three or four years of age.
111
Based on their research, Kagan and his colleagues (Kagan et al., 2007) concluded that __________ is a temperament characteristic that has a biological basis and is relatively stable over time.
A. behavioral inhibition
112
An intervention based on Patterson et al.’s (1992) research on coercive family interactions is most likely to include which of the following?
A. training for parents in effective parenting skills
113
Of the following types of intimate partner violence, which most often takes the form of Walker’s cycle of violence?
intimate terrorism
114
Presbyopia is an inability to:
focus on close objects.
115
Research has confirmed that undernutrition during prenatal development alters the function and structure of organ systems, which predisposes offspring to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. This finding illustrates which of the following?
fetal programming
116
Which of the following is caused by a chromosomal deletion?
Prader-Willi syndrome
117
Which of the following is caused by a chromosomal deletion?
Prader-Willi syndrome
118
In their study comparing the effects of age-based stereotype threat and self-stereotyping on memory performance, O’Brien and Hummert (2006) found that late middle-aged adults ages 48 through 62 who had:
an older (vs. youthful) identity did more poorly on a memory task when they were told their performance would be compared to the performance of older (vs. younger) adults.
119
The restriction of phenotype by genotype is referred to as:
canalization
120
Which of the following syndromes is not caused by a chromosomal deletion?
klinefelter
121
Epigenetics is concerned with how:
environmental and developmental factors affect how a gene is expressed.
122
Egan and Perry (2001) view gender identity as a multidimensional construct that consists of five components. Which of the following is not one of these components?
C. knowledge of gender stability
123
The utterance of single consonant-vowel combinations (e.g., "ba") ordinarily begins at about ____ months of age and includes __________.
A. 3 to 6; sounds from various languages
124
Support for Chomsky’s theory of language development is provided by studies showing that:
C. all languages have the same underlying grammatical structure and rules.
125
Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are both caused by:
chromosomal deletion
126
Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory identifies which of the following as the first stage in gender identity development?
B. gender identity
127
Balancing on one foot for three seconds, catching a ball with stiff arms, and pedaling a tricycle are skills that are usually first evident when toddlers are between ________ months of age.
31 and 36
128
The word “unsustainable” has:
two bound morphemes and one free morpheme.
129
Which of the following decreases the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
A. breastfeeding the baby and having the baby sleep on his/her back
130
The studies have found that children in high-quality daycare:
B. have higher rates of disobedience and other behavioral problems than children who do not attend daycare.
131
Research has found that the greatest age-related atrophy in the adult cortex occurs in the:
A. frontal and parietal lobes.
132
Older adults are most likely to obtain the highest score on which of the following Big Five personality traits?
agreeableness
133
A child in the second stage of Kohlberg’s first level of moral development will base his moral judgments of behavior on which of the following?
A. rewards that follow the behavior
134
A baby’s use of a single word to express an entire thought or idea is referred to as:
holophrastic speech
135
Studies investigating the impact of gender stereotypes on teacher behavior have found that:
A. male and female teachers pay more attention to and give more praise to male students than to female students.
136
Mildred Parten (1932) categorized children’s play as being:
B. nonsocial or social.
137
Bronfenbrenner’s (2004) bioecological theory distinguishes between five environmental systems that impact individual development. According to this theory, the __________ consists of the interactions between elements of the microsystem.
mesosystem
138
With regard to factors that affect the moral development of children:
A. Piaget and Kohlberg both viewed the influence of peers as more important than the influence of parents.
139
Thelen and Smith (1994) found which of the following to be useful for understanding why the stepping reflex disappears when infants are about two months of age and then reappears around the time infants begin to walk?
D. dynamic systems theory
140
Research by Sadker and Sadker has found that teachers:
A. pay more attention to boys than girls and give boys more praise and helpful feedback.
141
Data collected by Bouchard and McGue (1981) indicate that the correlation coefficient for IQ is largest for which of the following?
C. identical twins reared apart
142
Children as young as 3 years of age categorize toys, clothing, and activities by gender. This is due to the acquisition of:
B. gender schemas.
143
As described by Scarr (1992), niche-picking refers to which of the following genotype-environment correlations?
active
144
A psychologist is conducting a study that involves having children, one at a time, watch a video in which Sally first puts a teddy bear in a box on a table and then leaves the room. While Sally is out of the room, Anne enters the room and moves the teddy bear to a drawer in a nearby cupboard. Each child is then asked where Sally will look for the teddy bear when she returns to the room. This task is most often used to assess which of the following?
Theory of Mind
145
Of the senses, __________ is least well-developed at birth.
sight
146
The fraternal birth order effect (FBOE) predicts that:
B. the larger the number of older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he will have a homosexual orientation.
147
According to Vygotsky, children’s ______ play provides them with a zone of proximal development.
make-believe
148
Gorchoff, John, and Helson (2008) studied the marital satisfaction of women over an 18-year period and found that women reported:
C. an increase in marital satisfaction after their last children left home and that this was due to the improved quality of the time that they spent with their husbands.
149
Increasing age in adulthood is most associated with a decline in:
secondary memory
150
Survey research on sexual fluidity has found that it is reported:
C. by heterosexual and homosexual men and women, with reported frequencies being somewhat greater for women.
151
A child explores the use of a block by banging it against the tray on his highchair, using it to push another block across the tray, and dropping it while sitting in his high chair. As described by Piaget, this is an example of which of the following?
D. tertiary circular reaction
152
Erik Erikson (1978) identified a positive outcome (“virtue”) for each of his eight stages of psychosocial development. Which of the following does not accurately match a stage with its positive outcome?
B. autonomy vs. shame and doubt: purpose
153
Mirror self-recognition has been identified as a prerequisite for the emergence of the initial secondary emotions which include:
C. embarrassment and envy.
154
The goodness-of-fit model developed by Thomas and Chess (1977) focuses on the match between a child’s __________ and the demands of the social environment.
temperment
155
Which of the following best describes the conclusion of the APA Task Force on Violent Media (2015)?
C. Exposure to violent videogames increases the aggressive behavior of youth over 10 years of age and young adults.
156
Children usually pass the mirror self-recognition test by _____ months of age, but an exception is children with Down syndrome who usually do not pass the test until they are _____ months of age.
C. 18 to 24; 36 to 48
157
Kohlberg described moral development as depending on which of the following?
C. level of cognitive development and level of social perspective-taking
158
Even though his mother usually corrects him when he calls cats “doggie,” a young child continues to do so until he realizes that the neighbor’s cat is not the same as the family dog. Consequently, he starts calling the cat “kitty,” which is what his mother always says when the cat comes into their yard. Piaget would view this as an example of:
accommodation
159
Carstensen’s (1993) socioemotional selectivity theory attributes differences in adults’ motivation for friendships to differences in:
time perspective
160
Rowe and Kahn’s (1987) model of successful aging includes all of the following except:
C. fostering psychological resilience and adaptability to change.
161
A graduate student who is conducting research on Bronfenbrenner’s mesosystem is most interested in:
B. interactions between factors in children’s immediate environments that influence their development.
162
Prader-Willi syndrome is most often caused by:
D. deletion of a segment on paternal chromosome 15.
163
As the result of a traumatic brain injury, a 35-year-old woman has trouble comprehending humor and sarcasm. This suggests that the woman lacks which kind of linguistic competence?
pragmatic
164
Data collected from the U.S. Medicare Outcome Survey (Jia & Lubetkin, 2020) confirmed that, for individuals between 65 and 95 years of age, the estimated life expectancy in years was longest for:
married women.
165
In the strange situation, a baby with insecure/avoidant attachment will most likely:
react to a stranger and his/her mother in a similar way.
166
Based on the results of their research with young rhesus monkeys, Harlow and Zimmerman (1959) concluded that which of the following is most important for the development of attachment?
contact comfort
167
Studies investigating ____________ often place infants in uncertain situations that include a stranger, a novel toy or other object, or the visual cliff.
social referencing
168
Which of the following includes variations in tone, rhythm, volume, and stress that are used to express emotions and modify or clarify the meaning of a verbal communication?
paralanguage
169
During the year or two following divorce, custodial mothers tend to be:
inconsistent and more authoritarian in their discipline.
170
Which of the following is not one of the aspects of temperament identified by Mary Rothbart?
regularity/predictability
171
The development of depth perception in infancy involves becoming sensitive to three types of information in a predictable order, with __________ information being the first type that infants are sensitive to.
kinetic
172
Of the Big Five personality traits, level of __________ has been most consistently identified as an accurate predictor of level of marital satisfaction/dissatisfaction and stability/instability.
neuroticism
173
Adults over the age of 40 are likely to have the least trouble hearing a:
frog croaking.
174
In their longitudinal study of the effects of overcontrolling (“helicopter”) parenting, Perry and colleagues (2018) found that children’s levels of __________ at age 5 were mediators that linked overcontrolling parenting during toddlerhood to poor emotional, social, and academic functioning at 10 years of age.
emotion regulation and inhibitory control
175
An interviewee would be classified as ________ using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) when she describes early relationships with her parents in very positive terms but is unable to give examples that support her evaluation.
dismissing
176
Research comparing the outcomes for children of gay or lesbian parents and heterosexual parents has found that:
children of gay or lesbian parents do not differ consistently in terms of adjustment from children of heterosexual parents.
177
According to Bronfenbrenner’s (2004) ecological systems theory, available legal and social services are part of the:
exosystem.
178
It’s common for children of immigrants to act as language brokers. Research on the effects of language brokering has found that it has:
both positive and negative effects on the child and the parent-child relationship.
179
Twin studies investigating the contributions of genetics and the environment to personality have confirmed that:
monozygotic twins reared apart are more similar than dizygotic twins reared together in terms of personality.
180
Which of the following areas of the brain is least well-developed at birth?
prefrontal cortex
181
The studies suggest that children exhibit the greatest number of internalizing and externalizing behaviors and other problems when their divorced parents remarry when the children are:
in early adolescence.
182
Research on the synchrony effect has found that:
older adults do better on certain cognitive tasks in the morning than they do in the afternoon, while the reverse is true for younger adults.
183
Soon after a young child learns that the family pet is a “doggie,” he starts calling cats and all other furry four-legged animals “doggie.” According to Piaget, this is an example of which of the following?
assimilation
184
The brain continues to develop into late adolescence or early to mid-adulthood, with the __________ being the last area to fully develop.
prefrontal cortex
185
The research has found that early physical and sexual maturation during adolescence is associated with:
better outcomes for adolescent boys than for adolescent girls.
186
Research conducted by Carstensen, Gottman, and Levenson (1995) found that older unhappily married couples were less likely than middle-aged unhappily married couples to engage in:
negative start-up.
187
The studies have not provided entirely consistent results, but they have generally found that which of the following Big Five personality traits increase with increasing age during adulthood?
agreeableness and conscientiousness
188
Which of the following infants is at greatest risk for sudden infant death syndrome?
a Black male infant who is 4 months old
189
When taking a walk after dark with her grandmother, a child says the moon is following them because it wants to help them see where they’re going. This is an example of:
animistic thinking.
190
Based on the results of their review of research on relational aggression, Voulgaridou and Kokkinos (2015) concluded that the studies have:
consistently found that adolescent boys engage in more physical aggression but have provided mixed results about gender differences in relational aggression.
191
People who struggle with pragmatic language often have difficulty:
understanding humor and sarcasm.
192
Code-switching is used by:
bilingual and multilingual speakers to establish solidarity with listeners belonging to their own minority group.
193
Consumption of alcohol by pregnant women is most likely to cause major birth defects in their offspring when drinking occurs during which of the following periods of prenatal development?
embryonic
194
By about __________ months of age, children use two words to create a simple sentence – for example, “juice gone,” “get toy,” and “big doggie.”
18 to 24
195
Exposure to a teratogen during which period of prenatal development is most likely to cause major birth defects:
embryonic
196
An infant with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is most likely to develop which of the following?
sensorineural hearing loss
197
Studies have consistently found that, when adults 70 years of age and older are asked to recall events from their past, they exhibit a “reminiscence bump” which is a spike in the number of memories for events that occurred between the ages of:
15 to 25.
198
Research by Lickel et al. (2014) found that experiencing which of the following self-conscious emotions elicits the greatest motivation to change oneself?
shame
199
The 22-year-old biological son of taller-than-average parents is shorter than average. Which of the following helps explain the son’s height?
phenotype
200
Kohlberg concluded that:
the strength of the relationship between stage of moral development and behavior is greatest at the higher stages of development.
201
Volitional (versus reflexive) auditory localization emerges after _________ of age and then improves to nearly adult levels by about 12 months of age:
four months
202
__________ describe(s) temperament as constitutionally based individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.
Rothbart and Derryberry
203
With regard to language, the smallest unit of meaning is referred to as a:
morpheme.
204
Which of the following is not a criticism of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Moral development does not end in late childhood as his theory claims.
205
Infants first exhibit some degree of auditory (sound) localization:
soon after birth.
206
According to Bowlby (1980), an infant’s early relationships with caregivers lead to the development of:
internal working models.
207
The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome:
are lifelong and irreversible.
208
Research has found that the relationship between stepparents and their stepchildren tend to be most problematic when remarriage occurs when the children are in:
early adolescence.
209
Phenylketonuria (PKU) occurs in individuals who are:
homozygous for a recessive allele.
210
Which of the following best describes the results of research investigating the effects of treatments for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) on children’s neurocognitive functioning?
Chemotherapy and cranial irradiation are both associated with deficits in neurocognitive functioning.
211
Epigenetics is concerned with factors that modify the:
pattern of gene expression without altering the genetic code.
212
In general, exposure to a teratogen during prenatal development causes the most serious defects when it occurs during the __________ weeks of development.
3rd through 8th
213
Crick and Dodge’s (1994) social information-processing model attributes high levels of aggression in children to which of the following?
a hostile attribution bias
214
Data collected by Bouchard and McGue (1981) indicate that the median correlation coefficient for IQ scores is lowest for which of the following?
A. biological parent and child living apart
215
As described by Erikson, the virtue of will is the positive outcome of which stage of psychosocial development?
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
216
Research investigating age and gender differences in self-esteem has found that:
males have higher levels of self-esteem than females do beginning in late childhood and persisting into late adulthood.
217
Research has found that exposure to repetitive pain in early infancy:
causes discomfort and increases future pain sensitivity.
218
Of the following, Bowlby’s theory of attachment was most influenced by:
ethological theory.
219
Which of the following is not one of the three major dimensions of temperament identified by Rothbart (2011)?
approach/withdrawal
220
____________ syndrome affects males, is due to the presence of an extra X chromosome, and causes a number of physical abnormalities.
Klinefelter
221
The human brain is about 25% of its adult size and weight at birth, but it grows quickly and is at least 75% of its adult size and weight by _____ of age.
24 months
222
A fetus typically achieves the age of viability between ________ weeks after conception.
22 and 26
223
Rosenfeld and Roesler (2019) studied the effects of premarital cohabitation on the subsequent dissolution of marriage for couples in their first marriages. The results of their comparison of cohabitating and non-cohabitating couples indicated that cohabitation:
decreases the risk for divorce during the first year of marriage only.
224
On average, full siblings and other first-degree relatives share _____ of their genetic material.
50%
225
As described by Erikson, the positive outcome (“virtue”) of the ego integrity versus despair stage of psychosocial development is which of the following?
wisdom
226
Hall, Hall, and Caselli (2019) conclude that, for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children, the research suggests that learning sign language:
benefits the acquisition of spoken language.
227
Klinefelter syndrome is caused by which of the following?
the presence of an extra X chromosome
228
One-month-old babies respond with which of the following reflexes when they are startled by a loud noise or sudden movement?
Moro
229
When a woman _____________ during pregnancy, her baby may be premature and have a low birth weight; may be irritable, restless, and difficult to comfort; and may have feeding and sleep problems, an exaggerated startle response, and a high-pitched cry.
uses cocaine
230
According to Marcia (1966), in response to a question about her career goals, a 16-year-old experiencing identity foreclosure is most likely to say which of the following?
I’m going to be a lawyer because that’s what my parents want me to do.
231
Babies first exhibit intentional, goal-directed behaviors and imitation of the novel behaviors of others during substage ___ of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage.
4
232
A person’s phenotype is determined by:
his/her genetic inheritance and environmental factors.
233
At birth, infants emit three different cries that indicate:
hunger, anger, or pain.
234
Research has found that which of the following behaviors of noncustodial fathers has the least impact on the post-divorce outcomes of children?
frequency of contact
235
According to Crick and Dodge’s (1996) social information-processing theory, the highly aggressive behaviors of reactive (versus proactive) aggressors is due to which of the following?
a hostile attribution bias
236
The tendency of genetic make-up to restrict the amount of influence the environment has on a particular characteristic is referred to as:
canalization.
237
As described by Piaget, __________ involves using current schemas to interpret new information.
assimilation
238
Scarr and McCartney (1983) distinguish between three gene-environment correlations. Niche-picking is another name for which of these correlations?
active genotype-environment
239
Sexual fluidity is:
not considered to be the same as bisexuality and is somewhat more common in women than in men.
240
Data collected by Danese and Tan (2014) indicated that which of the following may mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult obesity?
depression
241
Accounts for 95% of all Down Syndrome cases, is an autosomal disorder, and is the most common
trisomy 21
