Physio Flashcards
Full (286 cards)
1
Q
Prosopagnosia (face blindness) is best described as involving:
A
intact bottom-up processing with a lack of top-down processing
2
Q
For people with prosopagnosia, processing remains intact – i.e., they are able to see the features on a person’s face. However, they lack ____processing due to a brain malfunction, which means they are unable to recognize a familiar face because they cannot use previous knowledge and experience to recognize and interpret facial features.
A
bottom-up; top-down
3
Q
The primary difficulty experienced by the patient known as “H.M.” was related to which of the following?
A
forming new long-term declarative memories
4
Q
The EEG for stage ___ of non-REM sleep is characterized by theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles and K complexes
A
2
5
Q
A drug that has the same effects as a neurotransmitter or that increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is referred to as a(n):
A
agonist
6
Q
Diabetes insipidus is usually caused by a low level of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is secreted by the:
A
pituitary gland
7
Q
A low level of ADH causes diabetes insipidus, which involves (sxs)
A
extreme thirst and the excretion of excessive and diluted urine.
8
Q
Diazepam, alprazolam, and lorazepam are
A
benzodiazepines that are used to treat anxiety and insomnia.
9
Q
Memory impairment associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has been linked to damage to which of the following areas of the brain?
A
thalamus and mammillary bodies
10
Q
Research has found that electrical stimulation of different areas of the ___________ in cats and other animal species produces different types of aggressive behavior.
A
hypothalamus (medial hypothalamus usually produces affective attack behavior, while electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus produces stalking attack behavior)
11
Q
Damage to the arcuate fasciculus can produce conduction aphasia which is characterized by which of the following?
A
(Conduction aphasia) fluent spontaneous speech, normal comprehension, and impaired repetition.
12
Q
Bundle of fibers that connects Broca’s to Wernicke’s
A
arcuate fasciculus (damage = conduction aphasia)
13
Q
Pramipexole and ropinirole are ____________ that are used to treat restless leg syndrome (and Parkinsons).
A
dopamine agonists
14
Q
Because of their location and size, the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex are the lobes that are most often affected by traumatic brain injury. Symptoms of frontal lobe injury are most likely to include which of the following?
A
inability to interact spontaneously with others, fluctuations in mood, and difficulty planning a complex sequence of movements
14
Q
injury to temporal lobes
A
impaired long-term memory, difficulty understanding spoken words, and increased aggressive behavior
15
Q
injury to occipital lobes
A
inability to identify colors, inability to recognize familiar words, and difficulty locating objects in the environment
16
Q
injury to parietal lobes
A
problems with calculations and writing, difficulty distinguishing between left and right, and inability to identify objects by touch
17
Q
A
18
Q
In signal detection theory, d-prime (d’) indicates the difference between the standard scores for the
A
hit rate and false alarm rate. [[hit rate indicates the number of times the observer correctly detected a signal when it was present, and the false alarm rate indicates the number of times the observer erroneously detected a signal when it was not present.]]
19
Q
____________ is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, and disruption of its production or transmission in certain areas of the brain produces anxiety.
A
GABA
20
Q
Following a stroke, a man shaves only the right side of his face, eats food only on the right side of his plate, and frequently bumps into door frames with the left side of his body. Which of the following areas of the brain was affected by the stroke?
A
parietal lobe
20
Q
The therapeutic index (TI) is a quantitative measure of the relative safety of a drug. It is calculated by
A
dividing LD50 by ED50.
21
Q
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) and other antidepressants that __________ have an energizing (stimulating) effect
A
increase norepinephrine and dopamine levels
22
Q
Stimulus intensity is encoded by
A
the frequency of action potentials.
23
One of the functions of the __________ is to maintain a constant body temperature
hypothalamus
24
Of the following, which is most responsible for depth perception of objects that are at a close distance?
retinal disparity
25
helps maintain many aspects of the body’s homeostasis including body temperature, blood pressure, hunger, thirst, and sleep through its effects on the autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system, and endocrine system
hypothalamus
26
_____________ (3) are responsible for depth perception of objects that are at a greater distance.
motion parallax, interposition of objects, and linear perspective
27
_______ processing is data driven
bottom-up
28
concept-driven
top-down
29
In terms of perception, ________ processing begins with incoming sensory information and continues upward to the brain where it is perceived, interpreted, and stored.
Bottom-up
30
In terms of perception, _____ processing begins with the brain’s use of preexisting knowledge and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information
top-down
31
As the result of a traumatic brain injury, a middle-aged man exhibits ________, which means he cannot recognize family members by their faces
prosopagnosia
32
neurological disorder characterized as loss of recognition or awareness of part of the body. The failure to acknowledge, for example, a limb, may be expressed verbally or as a pattern of neglect.
asomatognosia
33
a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition. It is associated with mental illness, dementia, and structural brain lesion, as is seen in right hemisphere stroke patients.
anosognosia
34
The effects of damage to the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex depend on the specific location of the damage but, with regard to emotions, damage to the left hemisphere is most likely to produce:
depression or emotional volatility (catastrophic reaction)
35
Negative emotions are processed primarily in the right (nondominant) hemisphere, and damage can produce:
inappropriate indifference or euphoria
36
Lesions in the dorsolateral area of the prefrontal cortex are most likely to cause:
deficits in insight, planning, judgment, and other executive functions
36
delta waves are characteristic of
deep sleep
37
The Papez circuit plays a fundamental role in which of the following?
emotions and memory
38
Implicit memories are recorded and recalled without conscious effort. These memories are stored in which of the following areas of the brain?
cerebellum and BG
39
implicit =
unconscious/automatic
40
explicit=
conscious/not automatic
41
H. M. underwent a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. Following surgery, H. M.:
was unable to form new long-term declarative memories.
42
Research investigating hemispheric specialization for language has found that right hemisphere damage is:
associated with impairments in both emotional prosody and pragmatics.
43
A young man with synesthesia is most likely to say he:
experiences different sounds as different colors
44
Compared to first-generation antipsychotics, second-generation antipsychotics are:
as effective or more effective for reducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and more effective for reducing the negative symptoms.
45
Stress-induced increases in cortisol levels in the hippocampus have been linked to impairments in the:
retrieval of declarative memories.
46
increases in cortisol levels in the hippocampus as the result of stress enhances the encoding and consolidation of
declarative memory that occurs prior to learning but impairs retrieval
47
A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery that affects a patient’s dominant hemisphere is most likely to produce which of the following symptoms
contralateral hemiparesis, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, dysarthria, and aphasia
48
suprachiasmatic nucleus controls the sleep-wake cycle by triggering changes in the release of __________ by the pineal gland
melatonin
49
An overdose of morphine, heroin, or other opioid can cause respiratory failure because of its effects on which of the following?
medulla oblongata
50
Which of the following is true about the sleep patterns of older (versus younger) adults
Older adults often experience an advanced sleep phase.
51
The words “food mart” are presented to split-brain patients so that “food” is presented to their left visual fields only and “mart” is projected to their right visual fields only. When they’re asked what they have seen, the patients will most likely say which of the following?
mart
52
As a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, levodopa is most effective for which of the following symptoms?
bradykinesia
53
bradykinesia and tremor are part of ___________; dyskinesia and chorea are side effects of LT use of ________
Parkinson's; levadopa
54
The etiology of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to:
a low level of acetylcholine and a high level of glutamate.
55
Which of the following is the most likely effect of a GABA receptor agonist?
relaxed muscles and sleepiness
56
The factor that distinguishes primary hypertension from secondary hypertension is:
whether or not the cause of the disorder is known.
57
Infants less than three months of age usually begin a sleep period with:
REM sleep
58
Prior to about three months of age, _____ usually begin a sleep period with REM sleep, which is followed by NREM sleep. This sequence reverses at about three months of age and the four stages of NREM sleep become apparent by about six months of age.
infants
59
Risperidone and other second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drugs are:
serotonin and dopamine antagonists.
60
A low blood glucose level causes hypoglycemia, the symptoms of which include:
C. shaking, sweating, hunger, dizziness, irritability, disorientation, weakness, sleepiness, and pallor.
61
sxs of hyperthyroidism
tremor, sweating, tachycardia, difficulty sleeping, anxiety, sensitivity to heat, and unexplained weight loss.
62
fatigue, muscle cramps, bradycardia, constipation, dry skin, depression, sensitivity to cold, and unexplained weight gain are sxs of:
hypothyroidism
63
frequent and excessive urination, extreme thirst, dehydration, constipation, weight loss, and low blood pressure are sxs of:
diabetes insipidus
64
The best conclusion that can be drawn about the pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder with atypical features is that:
MAOIs are effective but may not be significantly more effective than SSRIs.
(studies have confirmed that MAOIs are more effective than TCAs)
(MAOIs and SSRIs are similar in effectiveness)
65
Damage to certain areas of the dominant parietal lobe can produce Gerstmann’s syndrome, which includes all of the following symptoms except:
ataxia
66
Gerstmann's syndrome (damage to certain areas of the dominant
parietal lobe
67
4 main sxs of Gerstmann's syndrome
finger agnosia
left-right confusion
agraphia (difficulty writing)
and acalculia (difficulty performing simple mathematical operations).
68
ataxia (loss of ____ control) is damage to the
muscle; cerebellum
69
Areas of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning and execution of movement send excitatory signals to the:
striatum (CN and putamen), which is part of the BG
70
basal ganglia facilitates what kind of movement
voluntary
71
Kandel’s (2001) research with the sea snail, Aplysia, provided information on neuronal changes associated with:
learning and memory
72
Which of the following attributes the experience of emotion to physiological arousal followed by assigning a cognitive label to that arousal?
Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory
73
Lithium is used to treat
bipolar (it helps decrease the frequency and severity of manic and mixed episodes and may reduce the risk for suicide)
74
The word COPYCAT is presented to a split-brain patient so that COPY is projected to the patient’s left visual field and CAT is projected to his right visual field. When the patient is asked what he saw, the patient will say ________. And when the patient is asked to use his left hand to point to what he saw on a computer screen that contains the words COPY and CAT, the patient will point to ________.
cat; copy
75
Tourette’s disorder, ADHD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder have been linked to abnormalities in which of the following?
BG
76
The EEG for stage ___ of non-REM sleep is characterized by theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles and K complexes.
2
77
A 41-year-old woman says she feels cold and tired all the time, has been having trouble remembering things, is constipated, has unusually dry skin, and has gained weight even though she’s eating less. The woman’s symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following endocrine disorders?
hypothyroidism
78
Damage to Broca’s area produces:
(expressive aphasia) nonfluent but labored speech with intact comprehension
79
Compared to animals that have more cones than rods, those that have more rods than cones:
have better night and peripheral vision
80
GABA agonist enhances
the inhibitory effects of GABA
81
GABA is inhibitory or excitatory
inhibitory (GABi)
82
Which of the following is true about the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
SSRIs have a better tolerability profile than the TCAs and greater safety in overdose.
83
When a patient with schizophrenia is taking a neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drug and develops the symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, the drug should be:
dc immediately
84
Which of the following antidepressants is least likely to have an adverse impact on sexual functioning?
buprorion (Wellbutrin)
85
The primary function of the myelin sheath is to:
increase the speed of nerve impulses.
86
Prosopagnosia is the inability to:
recognize familiar faces
87
A potential side effect of carbamazepine is agranulocytosis, which is a(n) __________ disorder.
blood
88
Following a traumatic brain injury, a middle-aged woman experiences considerable anterograde and retrograde amnesia. When she begins to recall events that occurred in the past, she’ll most likely remember which of the following first?
where she went on vacation three years ago (go with option that happened earliest in life out of the choices)
89
Damage to the frontal lobe is least likely to have an adverse effect on which of the following?
IQ
90
Which of the following treatments for alcohol use disorder causes nausea, vomiting, dizziness, confusion, and other unpleasant symptoms when taken in conjunction with alcohol?
disulfiram (antabuse)
91
Naltrexone and acamprosate (answers B and C) are opioid
antagonists
92
93
Naltrexone ____ the pleasurable effects of and cravings for alcohol, while acamprosate _____ ______
reduces; just reduces cravings
94
topiramate is an
anti-seizure medication that is used off-label for the treatment of alcohol use disorder and, like naltrexone, reduces alcohol cravings and the pleasurable effects of alcohol.
95
drugs that reduce cravings and the pleasurable effects of alcohol
Naltraxone (opioid antagonist)
Acamprosate (opioid antagonist)
Topiramate (anti-seizure)
96
Ideomotor apraxia (difficulty turning an idea into action when requested to do so despite intact language, sensory, and motor functioning) is usually caused by damage to:
the left (dominant) parietal lobe
97
A person with ideomotor apraxia would have trouble
pantomiming or imitating waving good-bye, brushing his/her hair, or other familiar actions when asked to do so
98
Sam wants a glass of wine and moves the unopened wine bottle on the counter closer to him with one hand and picks up the corkscrew with the other hand. However, he doesn’t open the wine bottle because he doesn’t know what motor actions are necessary to remove the cork from the bottle. This is an example of which of the following?
apraxia
99
An ischemic stroke is most often caused by:
blockage in a cerebral artery.
100
hemorrhagic stroke is due to bleeding that occurs when there is a
rupture in the cerebral artery
101
Allostasis refers to
adaptive processes that maintain the body’s stability during times of stress
102
patient with major depressive disorder is most likely to develop antidepressant poop-out (tachyphylaxis) during maintenance treatment when she is taking which of the following antidepressants?
sertraline
103
venlafaxine is an
SNRI
104
clomipramine is a
TCA
105
chlorpromazine is a
typical antipsychotic
106
A patient with severe hemiplegia caused by a lesion in the right side of her brain denies she has any problems moving her left arm and leg. This woman’s lack of awareness of her physical impairment is referred to as:
anosognosia
107
A picture of a knife is projected onto a screen so that it’s briefly presented only to the right visual field of a split-brain patient, and a picture of a fork is then briefly presented only to the patient’s left visual field. When asked to verbally identify what he has seen, the patient:
will be able to say “knife” and, although he can’t say “fork,” will be able to pick out a fork with his left hand
108
Tricyclic antidepressants are categorized as secondary and tertiary amines. With regard to neurotransmitters, which of the following is true about secondary and tertiary amines?
The secondary amines have a greater effect on norepinephrine than serotonin, while the tertiary amines have a similar effect on both neurotransmitters or greater effect on serotonin than norepinephrine.
109
Which of the following neurotransmitters in the mesolimbic pathway is known to be an important contributor to the rewarding effects of cocaine, amphetamines, and other addictive drugs?
dopamine
110
Spanhel and colleagues (2018) found that patients with lesions in which of the following areas of the brain had significantly diminished flashbulb memory recall.
amygdala
111
Kluver and Bucy (1938) found that bilateral lesions in which of the following areas of the brain in rhesus monkeys produced a variety of symptoms including visual agnosia, placidity with a loss of normal fear, hyperorality, and indiscriminate hypersexuality?
the temporal lobes and most of the amygdala and hippocampus
112
Chronic __________ excitotoxicity has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and several other neurodegenerative disorders.
glutamate
113
__________ spend the greatest proportion of their sleep time in REM sleep.
infants
114
Memory loss during the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease has been most consistently linked to low levels of __________ in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus.
acetylocholine
115
The hallucinogenic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a:
serotonin agonist
116
Sleep spindles and K complexes are markers of Stage ___ sleep.
2
117
Sleep patterns change in predictable ways with increasing age. For example, when compared to younger adults, older adults tend to:
experience more nighttime awakenings.
118
119
older adults do not require less _______ do and, consequently, often take ________ to compensate for shorter sleep time during the night. In addition, older adults have a _____ and spend less time in slow-wave (deep) sleep
sleep than younger adults; daytime naps; longer sleep latency; less time in deep sleep
120
Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia share which of the following symptoms?
impaired repetition and anomia
121
Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia differ in terms of _______ and ________ of speech, but both involve impaired ______ and anomia (an inability to recall the names of familiar objects).
comprehension and fluency ; repetition and anomia
122
123
anomia
inability to recall names of familiar objects
124
A hypertensive crisis may occur when foods containing tyramine are consumed while taking which of the following drugs?
phenelzine
125
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes degeneration of __________ receptors at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in severe muscle weakness and fatigue.
AcH
126
A college student says her seizures begin with the feeling like she’s on a roller coaster and a sudden sense of fear. She never remembers what happens next, but her roommate has told her that she’s very “fidgety” during seizures and makes smacking noises with her lips. These symptoms suggest that the woman is experiencing which of the following?
temporal lobe seizures
127
All of the following drugs slow the cognitive decline caused by Alzheimer’s disease by increasing cholinergic activity except:
memantine
128
Galantamine (Razadyne), rivastigmine (Exelon), and donepezil (Aricept) slow decline of Alz by increasing activity (i.e., by preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine)
cholinergic
129
preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
cholinergic effect
130
drugs that prevent the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, therefore slowing the progress of cognitive decline
/Galantamine (Razadyne)
/rivastigmine (Exelon)
/donepezil (Aricept)
\memantine (Namenda)
131
memantine (Namenda) slows the progress of cognitive decline by
reducing the negative effects of excessive levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
132
A psychology undergraduate tells his roommate who’s depressed that, if he smiles more often, he’ll feel a lot better. The student’s suggestion is consistent with the predictions of which of the following?
james-lange theory
132
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques is used to study abnormalities in the brain’s white matter?
diffusion tensor imaging
(DTI) is a special application of an MRI (structural)
133
Damage to certain areas of the __________ lobe causes perseveration, which involves repetition of the same response or action when it’s inappropriate to do so in a variety of situations and on a variety of tasks.
frontal
134
When the dendrites of a neuron receive sufficient stimulation from other neurons:
depolarization occurs as positively charged sodium ions enter the neuron.
135
the fluid inside the neuron is ____ charged when in a resting state
negatively
136
The somatic nervous system conveys information from the sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to:
skeletal muscles
137
autonomic nervous system innervates the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
138
Research has found that, for patients with major depressive disorder, the extent of improvement in depressive symptoms following participation in cognitive-behavior therapy are positively correlated with increases in the volume of the:
ACC
139
The etiology of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to:
a low level of acetylcholine and a high level of glutamate.
140
The most likely side effects of buspirone (BuSpar) include which of the following?
dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, nervousness, blurred vision, and trouble sleeping
141
lethargy, ataxia, tremor, visual disturbances, and impaired concentration are side effects of what class of drugs
anticonvulsants
142
weakness, unsteadiness, impaired memory, anticholinergic effects, and sexual dysfunction are side effects of what kind of drugs
benzos
143
hypertension, tremors, headaches, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmia are side effects of what kind of drugs
beta-blocker rebound effects
144
Following a stroke that caused left-sided hemiplegia, a woman insists that her left arm is not her own arm but belongs to someone else. This woman is exhibiting which of the following?
asomatognosia
145
There is evidence that increasing oxytocin levels in healthy adults using intranasal administration:
causes oversensitivity to emotions in the faces of other people which decreases accuracy in identifying the intensity of those emotions.
146
Long-term white blood cell monitoring is required when a person is taking which of the following drugs?
clozapine or carbamazepine
147
A drug that increases which of the following is likely to be most effective as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
serotonin
148
Which of the following is most responsible for depth perception of objects that are at a close distance?
retinal disparity
149
Huntington’s disease is a progressive autosomal dominant disorder that has been linked to GABA and glutamate abnormalities in the:
basal ganglia.
150
The consolidation of emotional memories is mediated primarily by the:
amygdala
151
Treatment for serotonin syndrome involves:
immediately withdrawing both of the serotonergic drugs.
152
hyperthermia, seizures, delirium) and is potentially fatal are sxs of
serotonergic sxs
153
Combining an SSRI with an MAOI, lithium, or other serotonergic drug can cause
serotonergic syndrome
154
The research has found that suicide attempters with low levels of __________ metabolites in their cerebrospinal fluid are at higher risk than those with higher levels for repeated suicide attempts and completed suicide.
serotonin
155
Which of the following is true about the prescription and tapering of benzodiazepines for older adults?
Benzodiazepines that have a shorter half-life are preferred, and tapering should be slow.
156
A patient with __________ will deny that her left arm is paralyzed.
anosognosia
157
Functional neuroimaging techniques include all of the following except:
CT
157
158
fMRI, PET, SPECT are all ____ imaging
functional
159
__________ facilitates movement by stimulating the muscles to contract.
AcH
160
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques is most useful for distinguishing between neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease and other neurocognitive disorders?
FDG-PET
161
________ is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and low levels have been linked to chronic insomnia and anxiety disorders.
GABA
162
B. They occur during REM and non-REM sleep but are more bizarre and emotional and more likely to be recalled when they occur during REM sleep. (T/F)
True
163
Which of the following is true about the pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder?
(Rx-wise)
A. SSRIs and SNRIs are both considered first-line pharmacological treatments.
164
SNRIs are more effective than SSRIs when _______ is comorbid with depression
neuropathic pain
165
The effects of damage to the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex depend on the specific location of the damage, but damage to the right hemisphere is most likely to produce:
inappropriate indifference or euphoria.
166
As a treatment for anxiety, propranolol (Inderal) is:
more effective for somatic symptoms than psychological symptoms.
167
The dichotic listening task is used to obtain information about:
hemispheric specialization.
168
Intravenous administration of ________ is the primary treatment for Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
vitamin B1 (thiamine)
169
Severe damage to the ________ is often fatal because of its role in the regulation of respiration and cardiovascular functioning.
medulla oblongata
170
Generalized onset seizures always:
include a loss of consciousness.
171
A psychologist interested in the relationship between the magnitude of physical stimuli and psychological sensations finds that doubling the weight of an object doubles the sensation of heaviness but that doubling the brightness of a light more than doubles the sensation of brightness. This finding is most consistent with which of the following?
Stevens’s power law
172
A young man taking a conventional antipsychotic as a treatment for schizophrenia develops tardive dyskinesia. Of the following, which would be the best course of action in this situation?
replace the conventional antipsychotic with an atypical antipsychotic
173
Which of the following types of seizures involves a very brief loss of consciousness with a blank stare?
generalized onset non-motor
174
The __________ allows you to remember how to ride a bicycle, swim, and play a musical instrument.
cerebellum
175
The cerebellum is responsible for ___ memories (e.g., how to ride a bicycle) and other automatic memories.
procedural
176
A(n) ________ is caused by a blood clot that developed in an artery in the brain:
thrombotic stroke
177
An ischemic stroke occurs when there is blockage in a cerebral artery that is due to a blood clot that developed in an artery in the brain (thrombotic stroke or embolic stroke)?
thrombotic
178
An ischemic stroke occurs when there is blockage in the heart or elsewhere in the body and traveled through the bloodstream to the brain
embolic stroke
179
hemorrhagic stroke is due to bleeding that occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery within the brain
intracereral hemorrhage
180
hemorrhagic stroke is due to bleeding that occurs when there is a rupture in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain
(subarachnoid hemorrhage)
181
Which of the following theories proposes that physiological arousal and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously and independently in response to a stimulus?
Cannon-Bard theory
182
Whenever Corky looks at numbers, each number elicits a different color (1 elicits red, 2 elicits blue, etc.). This is referred to as:
synesthesia
183
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) produces its reinforcing effects by increasing dopamine concentrations in the:
nucleus accumbens.
184
The __________ theory of emotion proposes that all emotions are essentially the same in terms of physiological arousal and that people experience a particular emotion only after they experience physiological arousal and then assign a cognitive label to that arousal.
Schachter-Singer
185
Which of the following theories proposes that defensive behavioral reactions and the conscious feeling of fear are separate consequences of threat detection that are mediated by different but interacting systems?
LeDoux’s two-system theory
186
The __________ is known as the “body’s clock” because of its regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
187
A person will experience nausea, shortness of breath, and other unpleasant symptoms when he drinks alcohol after taking which of the following?
disulfiram
188
When lithium has not reduced the symptoms of mania for an individual who has received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, an alternative is:
carbamazepine
189
Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and is important for:
stimulating milk ejection during breastfeeding.
190
Three months after a car accident that damaged his hippocampus, a 24-year-old man is most likely to be unable to:
D. recall events that happened after the accident.
191
Theo is not color blind but his wife, Tillie, is red-green color blind. Which of the following describes the likelihood that the biological children of Theo and Tillie will be red-green color blind?
B. Their male children will be red-green color blind, but their female children will not be red-green color blind.
192
Afterimages and red/green and blue/yellow colorblindness are explained by which of the following?
A. opponent-process theory
193
Insulin overproduction by the __________ can cause a decrease in blood glucose levels and hypoglycemia.
B. pancreas
194
Studies using functional neuroimaging techniques have found that which of the following areas of the brain is essential for prospective memory?
prefrontal cortex
195
Which of the following symptoms is least characteristic of hypothyroidism?
C. heat intolerance
196
characteristics of hypothyroidism
decreased libido, confusion, unexplained weight gain
197
A potentially life-threatening side effect of clozapine is agranulocytosis, which is a severe form of:
neutropenia.
198
A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery that affects a patient’s non-dominant hemisphere is most likely to produce which of the following symptoms?
D. contralateral hemiparesis, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, apraxia, and sensory neglect
199
According to Lazarus’s (1991) cognitive appraisal theory, __________ appraisal involves considering whether an external event is relevant or irrelevant and, if relevant, whether it’s positive/benign or stressful.
primary
200
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates enhance the effects of which of the following neurotransmitters?
GABA
201
____________ headaches begin with an aura and involve throbbing pain that may be limited to one side of the head and that worsens with physical activity along with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and/or sound.
Classic migraine
202
Conduction aphasia involves:
fluent (but paraphasic) speech, relatively intact comprehension, poor word repetition, and impaired naming.
203
Damage to certain areas of the left (dominant) hemisphere are most likely to cause:
a catastrophic reaction.
204
Damage to the __________ is often fatal because of its role in the regulation of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital functions.
medulla oblongata
205
Just before you fall asleep, you hear a loud noise in your backyard that scares you, and you immediately jump out of bed, go to the back door, and turn on the outside light. When you look out the window, you find that it’s just a raccoon that knocked over the garbage can and you begin to calm down. Which of the following is responsible for returning your body to a calm state?
parasympathetic nervous system
206
According to Lazarus’s (1991) cognitive appraisal theory, secondary appraisal involves:
C. considering what coping options are available for dealing with a stressful event.
207
Current indications for deep brain stimulation (DBS) include all of the following except:
atypical parkinsonism.
208
Current indications for deep brain stimulation (DBS) include all of the following:
Parkinsons, essential tremor, dystonia
209
Which of the following is true about the SSRIs and TCAs?
B. The SSRIs are less cardiotoxic than the TCAs.
210
According to __________, a just noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is a constant proportion of the magnitude of the initial stimulus intensity.
Weber’s law
211
Drugs that block RNA synthesis while learning new information interfere with the formation of:
B. long-term memories but not short-term memories.
212
After a skateboarding accident, 17-year-old Cody exhibits clumsiness, slurred speech, and other symptoms associated with alcohol intoxication. Which area of Cody’s brain was most likely affected by the accident?
cerebellum
213
A person with bilateral damage to the __________ will have trouble recognizing fear in human facial expressions.
amygdala
214
A person with damage to his/her right (non-dominant) hemisphere as the result of a traumatic brain injury is most likely to exhibit which of the following?
B. an indifference reaction
215
Which of the following theories of color vision best explains the experience of negative afterimages?
opponent process
216
Which of the following is true about the four stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep?
They are characterized by high-voltage, slow-wave EEG activity.
217
Idris is in a serious car accident that causes a traumatic brain injury. After regaining consciousness in the hospital, Idris has anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia that affects memories for the ten months prior to the accident. When Idris’s long-term memories begin to return, he’s most likely to recall which of the following first?
A. his sister’s graduation from college nine months ago
218
A meta-analysis of 17 investigations using neuroimaging to study the brain activity of individuals with major depressive disorder before and after psychotherapy suggested that therapy caused changes in emotional processing areas of the brain. Specifically, the analysis indicated that therapy decreased activity in the left precentral gyrus and increased activity in the:
cingulate cortex.
219
The ____________ helps maintain the body’s homeostasis by regulating body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and other important functions.
hypothalamus
220
According to Lazarus’s (1991) cognitive appraisal theory, __________ appraisal occurs when a person determines what resources he or she has to cope with a stressful event.
secondary
221
The dopamine hypothesis attributes __________ to elevated levels of or oversensitivity to dopamine in certain areas of the brain.
B. schizophrenia (The dopamine hypothesis predicts that excessive dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathways of the brain are responsible for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.)
222
A person taking which of the following drugs should avoid eating foods containing tyramine?
MAOI
223
Research has shown that drugs that block protein synthesis while acquiring new information interfere with the formation of:
B. long-term memories but not short-term memories.
224
In most people, Broca’s area is located in the __________ and Wernicke’s area is located in the __________.
A. left inferior frontal gyrus; left superior temporal gyrus
225
A client with __________ tells her therapist that, since her traumatic brain injury, she has had trouble disciplining her children because, when she tells them she’s angry about what they’ve done, she doesn’t sound angry and, as a result, they don’t listen to her. As the client describes the problems she has with her children, she speaks in a monotone.
aprosodia
226
A progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the __________ has been linked to Parkinson’s disease.
substantia nigra
227
An advanced sleep phase is most characteristic of:
older adults.
228
The __________ is responsible for attaching emotions to memories for surprising and shocking events.
amygdala
229
Which of the following is not a monocular cue that facilitates depth perception?
convergence
230
Which of the following best describes the premise underlying the James-Lange theory of emotion?
C. A stimulus is perceived, bodily arousal and behavior occur, and emotion is then experienced.
231
Migraine headaches have been linked to abnormal levels of:
serotonin
232
Which of the following is based on the results of research that used the method of magnitude estimation to study the relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and its perceived magnitude?
B. Stevens’s law
233
In the context of signal detection theory, d’ (d-prime) is a measure of:
sensitivity
234
Deficits in source memory and item memory are most likely to be the result of lesions in the:
D. prefrontal cortex.
235
Long-term potentiation has been linked to the:
formation of new memories.
236
Patients with lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are most likely to exhibit:
perseverative responses.
237
According to the __________ theory of emotion, all emotions are essentially the same in terms of physiological arousal and people experience a particular emotion only after they experience physiological arousal and then assign a cognitive label to that arousal.
Schachter-Singer
238
A patient with damage to her primary visual cortex in both the right and left hemispheres is shown a photograph of a happy face. Although she claims she cannot see the image, she responds to it by smiling. This illustrates which of the following?
blindsight
239
Neuroimaging studies of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have linked it to a reduced volume of the hippocampus and:
B. decreased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the amygdala.
240
All of the following drugs are used to slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease by delaying the breakdown of acetylcholine except:
memantine
241
Some college students without ADHD take methylphenidate and other stimulant drugs to improve their attention and concentration while studying and thereby improve their grades. Research on the nonmedical use of stimulant drugs by students without ADHD suggests that they have:
B. positive effects on attention and mood but no beneficial effects on GPA.
242
Naltrexone is prescribed for a middle-aged patient who has just received a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder. This drug will have which of the following effects?
A. It will reduce the patient’s craving for alcohol.
243
Excessive secretion of the hormone thyroxine by the thyroid gland causes hyperthyroidism, which produces:
A. tremor, sweating, tachycardia, difficulty sleeping, anxiety, sensitivity to heat, and unexplained weight loss.
244
Sperry and Gazzaniga’s (1967) “split-brain patients” had their ____________ as a treatment for severe epileptic seizures.
A. corpus callosums severed
245
Which of the following best describes the differences between secondary and tertiary amines?
B. Compared to tertiary amines, secondary amines cause greater blockage of norepinephrine reuptake and have fewer side effects.
246
Which of the following is an MRI-based technique that is used to detect abnormalities in the brain’s white matter?
D. diffusion tensor imaging
247
A drug that’s classified as a(n) __________ of a specific neurotransmitter inhibits the effects of the neurotransmitter.
antagonist
248
Rods and cones are the two types of photoreceptors in the eye. The cones are responsible for all of the following except:
peripheral vision.
249
As the result of a stroke, a 74-year-old woman experiences complete paralysis on the right side of her body. This is referred to as __________ and is due to damage in the __________ side of the woman’s brain.
hemiplegia; left
250
Following a closed head injury, a young man is unable to recognize familiar objects by touch. This condition is caused by lesions in the ________ lobe.
parietal
251
Although the exact cause of Tourette’s disorder is unknown, its symptoms have been linked to abnormalities in which of the following?
BG
252
Which of the following is true about REM sleep and dreaming?
B. Most dreams occur during REM sleep and are more vivid than those that occur during non-REM sleep.
253
Pramipexole and ropinirole are two of the ____________ that are used to treat restless leg syndrome.
C. dopamine agonists
254
The beta-blockers propranolol (Inderal) and atenolol (Tenormin) are:
B. more useful for reducing the physical symptoms of anxiety than its emotional or cognitive symptoms.
255
Dronabinol is a synthetic form of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that has been FDA approved for the treatment of:
A. chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
256
Following a closed head injury caused by a fall down a flight of stairs, a 54-year-old woman experiences retrograde amnesia for events that occurred during the five years prior to her fall. When her memories begin to return, she will likely remember which of the following first?
A. the family reunion she attended 4-1/2 years ago
257
Electrical stimulation of a person’s ascending reticular activating system will have which of the following effects?
A. A sleeping person will wake up and an awake person will become more alert.
258
Kluver and Bucy (1938) found that bilateral lesioning of which of the following areas of the brain in rhesus monkeys caused visual agnosia, reduced fear, increased docility, dietary changes, and abnormal sexual behavior.
C. amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal lobes
259
__________ may develop after long-term use of a first-generation antipsychotic and begins with involuntary movements of the tongue, face, and jaw.
D. Tardive dyskinesia
260
Mr. Wolf, age 47, says he has had a resting tremor in his right hand and stiffness in his right arm for about a year. He also states that he has problems with coordination and balance, has trouble falling asleep, can’t walk very fast and sometime feels like his feet are “stuck to the floor,” and has been feeling “kind of depressed.” Based on these symptoms, the most effective pharmacological treatment for Mr. Wolf is likely to be which of the following?
levadopa
261
The ____________ acts as a “relay station” for all of the senses except smell.
thalamus
262
Clozapine and other second-generation antipsychotics are:
B. dopamine and serotonin antagonists.
263
Long-term potentiation (LTP) has been linked to:
D. memory storage.
264
A person who takes an SSRI concomitantly with an MAOI may develop serotonin syndrome, which is characterized by:
A. agitation, hyperthermia, and autonomic instability.
265
Benzodiazepines have a __________ half-life for older adults than for younger adults and, therefore, are often prescribed for older adults at a __________ dose than they are for younger adults.
longer; lower
266
Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk for developing tardive dyskinesia?
C. an older adult taking a conventional antipsychotic
267
Parkinson’s disease has been linked to a degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the:
D. substantia nigra.
268
The left hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere for language for about _____% of right-handed people and _____% of left-handed people.
95%; 70%
269
When one parent has a single autosomal dominant gene for Huntington’s disease, this means that:
C. each biological child of that parent has a 50% chance of having that disease.
270
The body’s “fight-or-flight” response is mediated by which of the following?
D. sympathetic nervous system
271
Akathisia is a movement disorder caused by antipsychotic drugs and is characterized by which of the following?
B. a sense of restlessness and an urge to keep moving
272
Uncertainty intolerance refers to anxiety about the possible occurrence of future threats. Kim and colleagues (2017) found that high scores on a measure of uncertainty intolerance were most associated with increased volume of which of the following?
A. striatum
273
Individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia have:
A. impaired comprehension of spoken and written language and fluent speech that’s devoid of meaning.
274
Gate control theory is most useful for:
A. identifying ways to relieve pain.
275
The all-or-none law states that:
D. the intensity of a nerve impulse is independent of stimulus intensity as long as the intensity reaches a minimum level.
276
Following a traumatic brain injury, a young woman is unable to form new long-term declarative memories. Most likely, the injury affected which of the following areas of her brain?
hippocampus
277
A young woman started having __________ seizures when she was a child. She does not lose consciousness during a seizure but experiences motor and sensory symptoms that include jerky movements in her arms and legs, eye blinking, and numbness, tingling, and other abnormal sensations.
simple partial
278
__________ is the most common outcome of damage to the cerebellum and can also be due to abnormalities in the sensory or vestibular system.
Ataxia
279
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques is generally considered most useful for assessing acute traumatic brain injury because it is quick and cost effective and is usually available in medical settings?
CT
280
Studies using functional neuroimaging techniques have linked obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to increased activity in the:
BG
281
Of the antipsychotic drugs, __________ is most likely to be a side effect of clozapine.
agranulocytosis
