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Psychology 1/2 > Lifespan > Flashcards

Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

Childhood

A

2-12

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2
Q

Adolescence

A

12-20

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3
Q

Early adulthood

A

20-40

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4
Q

Middle age

A

40-65

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5
Q

Old age

A

65+

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6
Q

What are some milestones of Middle age

A
  • careers peaking
  • menopause (women)
  • financial stability
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7
Q

What are some milestones of old age

A
  • develop new interests
  • decline episodic memory
  • retire
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8
Q

What are some milestones of early adulthood

A
  • full time job
  • university
  • starting a family
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9
Q

What are some milestones of adolescence

A

Learners / licence

  • puberty
  • move out of home, gain independence
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10
Q

What are some milestones of childhood

A
  • talking fluently
  • start school
  • develop preferred hand by 4
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11
Q

What are some milestones of infancy

A
  • first step
  • first word
  • first smile
  • develop motor skills
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12
Q

Hereditry

A

Genetic inheritance, the genetic characteristics received from biological parents.

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13
Q

Environmental

A

Physical, biological, and social experiences/events that are person is exposed to

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14
Q

Interactionist approach

A

The assumption the hereditary and environmental factors interact to influence development change.

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15
Q

Cognitive development

A

The development of mental abilities throughout the lifespan.

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16
Q

Assimilation

A

The process where new experiences are combined with existing schemas.

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17
Q

Accomodation

A

Paiget’s term when new situations objects or information are encountered and the persons schema is either modified or a new schema is created.

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18
Q

Animism

A

When a child believe that inanimate objects are alive

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19
Q

Egocentrism

A

When a person does not make distinctions between their own thoughts, feelings and perceptions and those of others. Simply not understanding that there is any difference between their point of view and everyone else’s.

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20
Q

Centration

A

Where children can only focus on aspect at a time. For example if a child is asked to divide blocks according to size and colour it is likely they will only perform one.

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21
Q

Seriation

A

When children have difficulty arranging objects according to one dimension. Eg arranging sticks from shortest to longest.

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22
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

Mental images that represent objects and functions

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23
Q

Object permanence

A

Piaget’s term for understanding that an object still exists when hidden.

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24
Q

Conservation

A

in cognitive development, children lack conservation, that is an inability to understand that objects stay the same despite changes in their appearance.

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25
Q

Irreversibility

A

where children are unable to realise that an action can be done and then undone.

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26
Q

Sensorimotor

A

the first stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (birth–2 years). Infants learn about their world through their senses (hearing, seeing) and by actions (motor) such as grasping or pulling.

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27
Q

Pre operational

A

the second stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (2–7 years of age). Children continue to develop and use symbols, images and language to represent their world.

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28
Q

Concrete operational

A

the third stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (7 –12 years of age). Children can perform basic mental problems that involve physical objects.

29
Q

Formal operational

A

the last stage of Piaget’s theory
of cognitive development (12+). Children are able to think logically and methodically about physical and abstract problems.

30
Q

Nature

A

The genetic factors that influence a person’s development

31
Q

Nurture

A

The environmental factors that influence a person’s development

32
Q

Genetic

A

Influences on developmental chromosomes

33
Q

Dna

A

Makeup for the chromosomes and carries genetics

34
Q

Dominant gene

A

Display characteristics over their pair

35
Q

Recessive

A

Only displays the characteristics if it’s pair is also recessive

36
Q

Fragile x

A

Causes cognitive and social impairment which replicates symptoms of autism

37
Q

X y y syndrome

A

Makes develop an extra Y chromosome

38
Q

Turners

A

Affect females only as a result of missing or deformed X chromosome

39
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Progressive brain deteriation which leads to memory loss and impaired cognitive abilities. Lesser components of genetics as single gene on 14 chromosomes for early onset.

40
Q

Triple x

A

Females, faulty chromosome

41
Q

Klinfelters

A

Receive 2 dominant x y males develop female. Characteristics

42
Q

Down syndrome

A

When fertilised egg has an extra copy of chromosome 21

43
Q

Why are twin studies important

A

Show an insight to what aspects are nature or nurture. As it is unethical to separate at birth they show if it comes down to genetics, behaviour and potential abilities are the same as they share genetics or not because they may have grown up in different areas.

44
Q

Sensitive period

A

When you are exposed to a stimulus and learn it properly. Eg language

45
Q

Critical period

A

When experiences such as communication are mandatory for regular development to continue.

46
Q

Maturation and learning.

A

The pre determined biological sequence of behaviours which occurs at a certain age. Whereas learning is the relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience

47
Q

Babinski

A

Stroking of foot allowing the foot to turn inwards and toes spread

48
Q

Moro / startle

A

Usually after a loss of support, throws head back and arches back

49
Q

Rooting

A

Cheek stroked, head turns and starts to suck

50
Q

Stepping

A

Walking movements while placed in flat surface and supported

51
Q

Tonic neck

A

When placed on back, hands form fists and head turns to the right

52
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Skills that use large muscle groups. Eg walking

53
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Skills that use small muscle groups, such as holding a pen

54
Q

Developmental norms

A

Used to indicate the average age at which individuals reach a certain milestone.

55
Q

Perceptual development

A

The development of the five main senses from infancy throughout the lifespan.

56
Q

Difference between sensation and perception

A

Sensation is the stimulus and what you feel whereas perception is how you interpret the information.

57
Q

Orienting response

A

The turning of head towards a stimulus such as sight or sound.

58
Q

Tracking

A

The movement of eyes to follow an object

59
Q

Visual preference method

A

The preferential looking technique

60
Q

Habituation

A

When a person (usually infant) stops looking at an object due to lack of interest.

61
Q

Dis habituation

A

The shifting of attention from one stimulus to another.

62
Q

Visual accommodation

A

Ability of lens in the eye adjust and produce sharp images of objects when shift of focus.

63
Q

Visual acuity

A

The clarity and sharpness of vision

64
Q

Depth perception

A

Is the ability to judge 3D space and distance using cues in the environment.

65
Q

Attachment

A

The close social and emotional bond of affection that develops between the infant and their caregiver.

66
Q

Bowlby’s theory

A

The connection of attachment was largely innate and therefore must have a major biological basis. He believed that smiling, cooing, clinging which leads to affection. Believed attachment occurred in the first year and within stages

67
Q

What is the strange situation

A

Placing a child in fake room a stranger enters mother leaves, determine the attachment level

68
Q

Harlow and attachments

A

Monkeys proffered comfort over food as shown by the prefers cloth monkey compared to wife monkey who had the food.

69
Q

Infancy

A

0-2

Psychology 1/2 (3 decks)

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