Lifespan Flashcards
(33 cards)
what is the biopsychosocial model?
Psychology a biopsychosocial model to understand behaviour. It is characterised into three categories. Biological factors- genetics, exercise, diet
psychological factors- coping strategies, cognition
social factors- family, friends, stigma in society
what is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?
continuous- development that is gradual and ongoing.
discontinuous- development involves distinct and seperate changes. eg) Piaget’s theory
what are the four areas of development?
biological (physical), social, cognitive, emotional.
biological; hormone changes, brain, muscles
social; ability to form and maintain relationships, social skills
emotional; change in feelings and how we express them, interpret emotions
cognitive; problem solving, memory, perception
what is a longitudinal study?
longitudinal- observes the same group of individuals over an extended period of time
what is a cross-sectional study?
cross-sectional- compares groups or individuals of different ages at the same time.
what is qualitative data?
Uses “words” to describe development
Focus on changes in the way children think, behave, and perceive the world differently as they mature
E.g. the way that a child develops walking.. First they roll over, then they shuffle, then they crawl, then they walk with assistance, then they walk on their own
what is quantitative data?
Measure using numbers
Refers to the changes children encounter as they acquire more knowledge and grow physically larger and stronger
Can observe these changes objectively, therefore count them using numerical quantities
E.g. increases in height
what is the nature vs. nurture debate?
nature vs nurture debate refers to the influences that shape a child’s development and life. Nature- more to do with how genetics may be passed down from parents or your family and impacts how you develop. nurture- the way you were brought up and how you were treated throughout your childhood.
what are ethical considerations?
ethics refer to the written standards that guide individuals or groups to identify good, desirable or acceptable conduct.
why are ethics important?
to ensure that the psychological and physical wellbeing of research participants is protected during their involvement in psychological research.
what are the ethical considerations of using children in research?
the ethical considerations for researching children may be more strict as children are easily influenced as they have not developed fully, therefore they are considered vulnerable. Ethical considerations include; permission, confidentiality, voluntary participation, debriefing, right to withdraw, no physical or psychological harm.
what are the ethical responsibilities of the researcher?
under no circumstance allowed to conduct research that will cause psychological harm or distress on participants, must be trained and qualified, must be appropriate, look after participants safely, ensure participants are aware of their rights
what ethical issues did we see in the Three Identical Strangers documentary?
The triplets were separated at birth without knowing, they were deceived and lied to, no accurate reporting- they needed to be published, debriefing - none of the boys were debriefed on the experiment, the researchers put their scientific needs before the needs of the kids
what is self-understanding and self awareness?
involves being aware of different aspects of the self including traits, behaviours, and feelings.
what is attachment and why is it important to an infant’s development?
Attachment is the first way that babies learn to organise their feelings and their actions, by looking to the person who provides them with care and comfort.
Attachment also helps your child learn how to trust other people, so it’s an important part of developing healthy relationships later in life.
what did Harlow’s monkeys teach us about bonding between a parent and child?
Attachment develops as a result of the mother providing “tactile comfort,” suggesting that infants have an innate (biological) need to touch and cling to something for emotional comfort.
what area of development does Piaget’s Theory focus on?
cognitive development
what is a schema and how are they helpful?
A schema is a building block of knowledge. They help us interpret information and build on to it. eg) being a baby and you knock your head on a table, your then realise that the table is hard and it will hurt, therefore you are more aware of it.
what is adaptation?
adaptation- the process of growing or changing our schema’s
what is assimilation?
assimilation- the process of taking new information and fitting it in to an existing idea
what is accomodation?
accomodation- the process of changing an existing idea
stage 1 of piaget’s theory and cognitive abilities?
sensorimotor
object permanence- the idea that objects still exist even though you cannot physically see them
goal directed behaviour- refers to behaviour with a purpose. That if you do “something” “something else” will happen.
stage 2 of piaget’s theory and cognitive abilities?
preoperational
animism- the belief that every object has it’s own consciousness
egocentric thinking/behaviour- seeing things from only your perspective
symbolic thinking- being able to use words and pictures for places and objects
stage 3 of piaget’s theory and cognitive abilities?
concrete operational
logical thinking- refers to proper reasonable way of thinking about something
conservation- refers to the idea that an objects mass, volume and area remains the same, even though it has changed appearance
