Lifespan Development Flashcards

Question

Subjective self

Answer 1

- A precursor to the development of a self-concept. - The recognition that we are distinct from other people and other objects.

Answer 2

- Self-recognition is related to the development of a selfconcept. - The ability to recognize oneself.

Answer 3

A small mark of rouge is secretly placed on a child’s face. The child is then placed in front of a mirror. If the child touches the red mark on their own face, this is a demonstration of selfrecognition. The ability to pass the Mirror/Rouge test typically emerges around 18 months.

Answer 4

- The ability for children to recognize that other people can hold perspectives that differ from their own - Measured using false-belief tasks. False-belief tasks vary, but typically test if a child will recognize that just because they know something (e.g., crayons are inside a box with a picture of candy on the front of it), this does not mean that other people will know it (e.g., recognize that other people will likely assume that there is candy in the box because of the picture on the front). Children typically do not pass false belief tasks until age 4 or 5.

Answer 5

refers to the period beginning at conception and ending at birth.

Answer 6

- The joining of a sperm cell with an egg cell. - Sperm cells and egg cells are collectively referred to as gametes.

Answer 7

When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, the 23 chromosomes of the sperm cell pair with the 23 chromosomes of the egg cell. This pairing creates a single cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes in total)

Answer 8

- Last from conception to implantation (approx. 2 weeks). - During this stage, the one-cell zygote begins to divide. The dividing cells of the zygote are initially undifferentiated (i.e., stem cells). They have the potential to be any type of cell in the human body. However, shortly after the zygote begins dividing, the cells quickly begin to differentiate and turn into specific types of cells (e.g., some cells differentiate into neurons, cells of the nervous system). - By approx. day 5, the zygote has become a multicellular ball called a blastocyst. - The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus and by day 7 begins implanting itself in the uterine wall (i.e., implantation). - The process of implantation can take several days, and by approx. day 14 the blastocyst is fully implanted in the uterus. - The outer cells of the blastocyst combine with the cells of the uterine wall to form the placenta. The placenta will allow nutrients and oxygen to pass from the mother to the child.

Answer 9

- Successful implantation begins the embryonic stage of prenatal development. - The embryonic stage lasts until approx. the end of the 8th week. - Organogenesis (i.e., the development of the vital organs) occurs during the embryonic stage. By the end of the 8th week, the embryo has all its vital organs and body parts formed. For example, the neural tube develops by day 22 and will eventually form the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 10

- the Fetal stage lasts from the 9 th week till birth. - The fetal stage involves the growth and refinement of the organs that were formed during the embryonic stage. - A fetus goes from weighing 2 grams at 9 weeks to approx. 3400 grams at birth. - Sex organs are formed during the fetal stage, and the sex of the fetus can be identified by week 12.

Answer 11

(the production of new neurons).

Answer 12

(the new neurons migrate to the different areas of the brain).

Answer 13

(the migrated neurons form connections between each other. This allows for communication between different brain areas).

Answer 14

(myelin sheath is formed around the axons of some neurons. This fatty coating regulates and speeds up the communication between neurons).

Answer 15

- At approx. 38 weeks since conception, the fetal brain triggers the release of hormones (e.g., oxytocin) which prepares the fetus and the mother for labor

Answer 16

- Any external factor that can have a negative impact on a developing embryo or fetus. The impact a teratogen has depends on (a) the type of teratogen and (b) the point of time during pregnancy the embryo or fetus was exposed to it.

Answer 17

- Diet. Certain nutrients are essential to proper development. The example we discussed in class was Folic Acid (a B vitamin). Low amounts of folic acid have been linked to neural tube defects including Spina Bifida (a neural tube defect that results in a lower portion of the spine not being enclosed properly). Drugs -Thalidomide, no limbs

Answer 18

This disorder includes a range of symptoms that can be experienced when an embryo or fetus is exposed to alcohol. Symptoms discussed in class include impaired physical growth, smaller than typical brains, heart problems, hearing loss, distinct facial features, intellectual impairments, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems.

Answer 19

“a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development” (DSM-5, 2013, p. 59). Neurodevelopmental Disorder.

Answer 20

- Inability to attend to details resulting in careless mistakes on tasks and schoolwork. - Difficulty maintaining attention during tasks, activities, or schoolwork. - Failure to respond when spoken to. - Unable to complete tasks, activities, or schoolwork. - Often forgetting things. - Unable to block out external stimuli or unrelated thoughts. - Often losing things that are necessary for a task, activity, or schoolwork. - Difficulty with organization and time management. - Avoidance and dislike of tasks, activities, and schoolwork that require the maintenance of mental focus.

Answer 21

- Always squirming and fidgeting. - Unable to remain seated when required to do so. - Running and climbing in situations where it is not appropriate. - Unable to remain quiet during work or play. - Constant talking. - Unable to wait turn for things. - Impulsive. - Interrupting and intruding on others.

Answer 22

- Combined presentation. - Predominantly inattentive presentation. - Predominantly hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Answer 23

- Decreased school performance and academic attainment in children. - Social rejection. - Increased risk of conduct disorder in adolescence. - Decreased work performance and occupational attainment in adults. - Increased risk of unemployment. - Increased risk of antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. - Increased risk of substance abuse disorder. - Increased risk of jail. - Increased risk of accidental injury. - Increased risk of interpersonal conflict including family conflict.

Answer 24

Defined in the DSM-5 as, “a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated” (DSM-5, p. 460). - 2% to 10% of children and adolescence are diagnosed with Conduct Disorder. Four symptom categories of Conduct Disorder. 1. Aggression to people and animals. 2. Destruction of Property. 3. Deceitfulness or theft. 4. Serious violations of ageappropriate rules.

Answer 25

1. Lack of remorse or guilt. 2. Callous lack of empathy. 3. Unconcerned about performance. 4. Shallow or deficient affect. The above traits have been referred to as callous and unemotional traits. Children with Conduct Disorder, With Limited Prosocial Emotions. - More likely to engage in proactive aggression. - Risk for psychopathy in adulthood. - More likely to engage in severe antisocial behavior earlier in life. - May be less responsive to punishment and nurturing. - More resistant to treatment. - Perhaps more genetically influenced.

Lifespan Development Flashcards

(49 cards)