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Lifespan development Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive development

A

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.

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2
Q

Schemas

A

A mental framework that organizes and interprets information.

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.

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4
Q

Accommodation

A

A change in schemas based on new information.

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5
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Birth to 2 years, object permanence.

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6
Q

Object permanence

A

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.

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7
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-6 years. Children are able to think about things symbolically. Egocentrism, animism and centration.

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8
Q

Egocentrism

A

Preoperational child’s difficulty in taking the perspective of others.

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9
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

6-12 years. Children start to think logically about concrete events they’ve experienced.

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10
Q

Formal operational stage.

A

12+. Children begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

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11
Q

Physical development

A

How you physically change over time.

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12
Q

Psychosocial development

A

Emotions, personality, and social relationships.

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13
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

He emphasized how early development grows through interaction with the social environment and parental instruction. Varies between cultures.

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14
Q

Normative approach

A

Study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones.

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15
Q

Process of lifespan development

A

Continuous development and discontinuous development.

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16
Q

Continuous development

A

Views development as a gradual approach.

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17
Q

Discontinuous development

A

Views development as occurring in unique stages.

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18
Q

Nature

A

Genes and biology.

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19
Q

Nurture

A

Environment and culture.

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20
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Founder of psychoanalysis. Believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities as who you are as an adult. Viewed development as discontinuous.

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21
Q

Ego

A

The aspect of personality that represents the self or one aspect of a person’s personality that is visible to others.

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22
Q

Superego

A

Part of the personality that acts as a moral compass or conscience.

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23
Q

Id

A

Pleasure; sexual desire. Unconcscious.

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24
Q

Freuds belief

A

If you’ve experienced trauma as a child, you’re going to be stuck in that stage.

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25
Freud's 5 stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.
26
Oral stage
0-18 months. Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, and chewing.
27
Anal stage
18-36 months. Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder movements.
28
Phallic stage
Psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals.
29
Latency stage
6-puberty. Dormant sexual feelings.
30
Genital stage
Puberty+. Maturation of sexual interests.
31
Koldberg
Believed that moral development, like cognitive development follows as a series of stages.
32
Level 1: Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: obedience and punishment. Stage 2: Individualism.
33
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Stage 3: interpersonal; behavior driven by social approval. Stage 4: authority; behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order.
34
Level 3: Post-conventional morality
Stage 5: social contract and individual rights. Stage 6: universal principles.
35
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial development.
36
Erik Erikson's belief
Believed that personality development takes place all through a lifespan.
37
Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)
0-18 months: Trust or mistrust of basic needs such that nourishment and affection will be met.
38
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)
1-3: Develop a sense of independence in many tasks.
39
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)
3-6 years. Developing the ability to try new things and to handle failure.
40
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)
7-11: Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or a sense of inferiority when not.
41
Identity vs. Confusion (Erikson)
12-18: Experiment with and developing identity and roles.
42
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)
19-29: Establish intimacy and relationships with others.
43
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)
30-64: contribute to society and be part of a family.
44
Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)
65+: Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions.
45
Prenatal development
The baby's development during a pregnancy.
46
Teratogen
Any factor that can cause a birth defect.
47
Alcohol
Can cause fetal-alcohol syndrom.
48
Smoking
Can result in premature birth, low-birth weight, stillbirths, sudden infant death syndrom.
49
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A collection of birth defects associated with heavy consumptions of alcohol during pregnancy.
50
FAS physical characteristics
Small head and abnormal facial features.
51
FAS cognitive deficits
Poor judgement and impulse control. Learning issues as well as higher rates of ADHD and lower IQ.
52
Newborn reflexes.
Inborn atuomatic responses to particular forms of stimulation. They help the infant survive. (rooting, sucking, and grasping.)
53
Rooting reflex
A newborn's response to anything that touches their cheeks. (When you stroke a baby's cheeks, the infant will turn their head to the direction of the cheek.)
54
Sucking reflex
Infant sucks any object placed by mouth.
55
Grasping reflex
Grabs anything placed in their hands.
56
Moro reflex
Newborns response to falling: The baby spreads their arms, pulls them back in and then usually cries.
57
Motor skills
The ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
58
Jean Piaget
Cognitive development theory.
59
Jean Piaget's theory
Believed that our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages.
60
Fetus
When an organism is 9 weeks old.
61
Attachment
A long-standing connection or bond with others.
62
Harry Harlow
Studied newborn attachments by separting newborn monkeys from their mothers.
63
Secure base
Parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as they explore their surroundings.
64
Mary Ainsworth
Studied attachment in infants using the "strange situation" model.
65
Mary Ainsworth's strange situation
Observed the child's behavior when mom was present, when they left, when a stranger enters, and when mom returns. (reunion was most important.)
66
Secure attachment
Child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore.
67
Avoidant attachment
Characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent,, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves.
68
Resistant attachment
Shows clingy behavior, but then rejects mothers attempts to interact with them.
69
Disorganized attachment
Infant shows odd behavior around their mother.
70
Self-concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.
71
Diana Baumrind
Developed theory on parenting styles, such as: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved styles.
72
Authoritative style (secure)
The parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child's point of view.
73
Authoritarian style (avoidant)
A parenting style where parents are highly demanding and controlling, with little or no affection.
74
Permissive style
Parents make few demands and rarely use punishment.
75
Uninvolved style
The parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes neglectful.
76
Temperament
Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.
77
Easy temperament
Positive emotions, adapt well to change, and capable of regulating emotions. (Kaatri)
78
Difficult temperament
Negative emotions, difficulty adapting to change and regulating emotions.
79
Adolescence
The time period between the beginning of puberty and early adulthood. (my sisters' and I)
80
Theory of mind
Ability to infer and understand another's mental state and use the information to examine and predict behavior.
81
Cognitive empathy (theory of mind)
The ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others.
82
Zygote
Structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta.
83
Primary sexual characteristics
Organs specifically needed for reproduction.
84
Emerging adulthood
Newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s. Young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family.
85
Embryo
multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development.
86
Critical sensitive period
Time during fetal growth when specific parts of organs develop.
87
Language acquisition)
The process by which the infants learn to understand and speak their native language.
88
Secondary sexual characteristics
Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs.
89
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years.
90
Frontal lobe development
The last part of the brain to undergo myelination, during adolescence there is a second burst of cortical grey matter.
91
Fluid vs. crystalized intelligence
Fluid=Capacity to solve problems. Crystallized= general knowledge.

Psychology (3 decks)

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