lifespan perspective of the musculoskeletal system

Question 1

afferent vs efferent

Answer 1

sensory vs motor

Question 2

what represents the final output of the CNS

Answer 2

motor unit activity

Question 3

what does the primary motor cortex do

Answer 3

controls speed and force of movement

Question 4

what does the supplemental motor area do

Answer 4

involved in preplanning movements

Question 5

what does the premotor cortex do

Answer 5

visually guided movements

Question 6

what does the cerebellum do

Answer 6

coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity

Question 7

what does the basal ganglia do

Answer 7

controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks/environments

Question 8

motor unit

Answer 8

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 9

what are the 2 main periods of gestation

Answer 9

embryonic (0-60 days; 8 weeks)
fetal period 60+ days; 9+= weeks)

Question 10

when do fertilization, implantation, and gastrulation occur

Answer 10

fertilization: day 1
implantation: day 6/7
gastrulation: day 15/16

Question 11

what is the gastrula

Answer 11

3 layered structure of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 12

when do arm and leg budding occur

Answer 12

4 weeks

Question 13

when are all limb structures are present

Answer 13

week 8

Question 14

when do slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers develop

Answer 14

slow twitch: 21 weeks
fast twitch: 30 weeks

Question 15

what is muscle mass % at from birth

Answer 15

25%

Question 16

males from 5-17 years old muscle mass increases by what %

Answer 16

41-53%

Question 17

females from 5-17 years old muscle mass increases by what %

Answer 17

41-42%

Question 18

when does female peak strength occur

Answer 18

onset of puberty

Question 19

when does muscle mass begin to decline

Answer 19

age 30

Question 20

each decade after the age of ____, how much muscle mass is lost

Answer 20

30
5%

Question 21

what % decline of strength occurs from 50-70

Answer 21

30%

Question 21

when is the most rapid decline in strength

Answer 21

70 years old

Question 22

when does a steady decline in strength and impaired function occur

Answer 22

50 years old

Question 23

sarcopenia

Answer 23

loss of muscle mass and function

Question 24

do type I or type II fibers decline quicker

Answer 24

type II

Question 25

diaphysis

Answer 25

long shaft of the bone

Question 26

when do bone and cartilage differentiate

Answer 26

3-8 weeks prenatal

Question 27

when do mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate (like UE then LE)

Answer 27

5th week prenatal

Question 28

when do chondrocytes form the cartilage of long bones

Answer 28

6th week prenatal

Question 29

when does the primary ossification center develop

Answer 29

7-11 weeks prenatal

Question 30

when do secondary ossification centers develop

Answer 30

after birth

Question 31

the diaphysis is formed by what ossification center

Answer 31

primary

Question 32

the epiphysis is formed by what ossification center

Answer 32

secondary

Question 33

risser sign

Answer 33

percent ossification of iliac epiphysis

Question 34

what drives bone remodeling in childhood

Answer 34

weightbearing and movement drive

Question 35

fontanelles

Answer 35

soft areas where the bone hasn't fused yet

Question 36

when do the posterior and anterior fontanelles close

Answer 36

posterior: 2-3 months anterior: 12-18 months

Question 37

craniosynosyosis

Answer 37

premature closure of sutures

Question 38

when do girls have their growth spurt

Answer 38

12-14

Question 39

when do boys have their growth spurt

Answer 39

14-15

Question 40

when have all growth plates closed by

Answer 40

25

Question 41

when do changes in bone mass peak

Answer 41

20s-early 30s

Question 42

bone resorption exceeds bone formation after the age of ....

Answer 42

50

Question 43

during the first 4-5 years of menopause, what % of bone mass is lost

Answer 43

4%

Question 44

osteomalacia

Answer 44

softening of bones

Question 45

what happens to cartilage when you age

Answer 45

water content decreases and it becomes more rigid

Question 46

club foot

Answer 46

prenatal deformity where ankle is rolled out

Question 47

congenital hip dysplasia

Answer 47

prenatal atypical development of the hips

Question 48

congenital limb deficiency

Answer 48

prenatal portion of upper/lower limb does not form completely

Question 49

apophyseal avulsion

Answer 49

infancy/childhood sudden forceful contraction

Question 50

nursemaid's elbow

Answer 50

infancy/childhood radial head slips from annular ligament

Question 51

slipped capital-femoral epiphysis

Answer 51

adolescence slippage of the femoral head due to damage to the growth plate

Question 52

osteoporosis

Answer 52

bones become weak and brittle bone resorption is quicker than formation

Question 53

osteoarthritis

Answer 53

weight-bearing joint pain from microtraumas and inflammation