Motor Control + Motor Learning

Question 1

Motor Control

Answer 1

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

motor control

Answer 2

information processing by CNS that organizes the musculoskeletal system
- goal-directed movements

Question 3

what are the 2 motor control strategies

Answer 3

feed-forward strategy
feed-back strategy

Question 4

feed-forward strategy

Answer 4

anticipatory movements
(catching a ball)

Question 5

feed-back strategy

Answer 5

refined movements
(flexing to adjust to the ball’s weight)

Question 6

movement emerges from the interaction of what 3 factors

Answer 6

individual
task
environment

Question 7

3 interactions of “individual”

Answer 7

cognition
perception
action

Question 8

3 interactions of “task”

Answer 8

mobility
stability
manipulation

Question 9

2 interactions of “environment”

Answer 9

regulatory
nonregulatory

Question 10

degrees of freedom problem

Answer 10

choosing among equivalent solutions + coordinating the muscles involved

basically how we move varies to complete a task

Question 11

Individual Action

Answer 11

high # of joints/fibers controlled during coordinated, functional movement

Question 12

Individual Perception

Answer 12

sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

Question 13

is perception afferent or efferent

Answer 13

afferent

Question 14

Individual Cognition

Answer 14

attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control

Question 15

single vs dual task cognition

Answer 15

its harder to perform cognition while doing a motor task

Question 16

the nature of the task being performed determines…

Answer 16

the type of movement needed

Question 17

critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms

Answer 17

classifications

Question 18

regulatory environment

Answer 18

movement must conform to regulatory features

Question 19

nonregulatory environment

Answer 19

movements don’t need to conform because nonregulatory aren’t as direct (ex: background noise, light)

Question 20

2 theories of motor control

Answer 20

systems theory
dynamic system theory

Question 21

systems theory

Answer 21

body has many degrees of freedom that need to be controlled

Question 22

what patients have trouble with the systems theory

Answer 22

stroke patients

Question 23

in the systems theory, movements emerge from

Answer 23

body system
external forces
variations in the initial condition

Question 24

difference between systems theory and dynamic systems theory

Answer 24

de-emphasizing the notion of commands from CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations

Question 25

dynamic systems theory

Answer 25

focused on the physical explanation

Question 26

why is optimal variability good?

Answer 26

provides flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes

Question 27

what happens with too little or too much variability?

Answer 27

too little leads to injury too much can impair movement (ataxia)

Question 28

what is the theoretical framework the basis of

Answer 28

clinical methods related to examination and intervention in all patients

Question 29

reacuisition

Answer 29

recovery of lost function

Question 30

motor learning

Answer 30

study of recovery/modification of movement

Question 31

how does process of motor learning happen

Answer 31

perception cognition action process

Question 32

performance vs learning

Answer 32

performance is temporary and learning is relatively permanent

Question 33

what are the teaching strategies therapists use

Answer 33

instruction feedback practice motivation

Question 34

closed loop

Answer 34

control achieved by feedback to where the actual response conforms to the desired response

Question 35

open loop

Answer 35

no position feedback of a moving object execution of preprogrammed movements "muscle memory"

Question 36

cognitive stage

Answer 36

what is it that must be done lots of errors and cognitive activity

Question 37

associative stage

Answer 37

how should it be done beginning to refine the skill

Question 38

autonomous stage

Answer 38

what presents success skill is done automatically with low level of attention prepared for dual tasks

Question 39

novice stage

Answer 39

learner simplifies the movement by stiffening body to try to control the degree of freedom

Question 40

advanced stage

Answer 40

degrees of freedom are being refines, less stiff, and more coordinated

Question 41

expert stage

Answer 41

energy use is more efficient and full degree of freedom used

Question 42

gentile 2 stage model

Answer 42

1. understand the requirements of the movement 2. refine the movement

Question 43

close skilled requires...

Answer 43

fixation minimal environmental variation and require movement consistency

Question 44

open skills require...

Answer 44

diversification performed in changing environments and movement diversity

Question 45

acquisition/practice phase

Answer 45

initial fumbling attemps skills are learned/releared "PERFORMANCE"

Question 46

retention/transfer phase

Answer 46

mastery of skill info stored for retrieval and application "LEARNING"

Question 47

practice should be

Answer 47

task specific, variable, accurate, and active

Question 48

intrinsic feedback

Answer 48

sensory sources ex: visual, kinesthetic awareness, proprioception

Question 49

extrinsic feedback

Answer 49

comes from the external resources (throwing a ball and missing the target)

Question 50

massed vs distributed

Answer 50

greater practice time more than rest time vs rest being equal or more than practice time

Question 51

constant vs variable

Answer 51

practicing in same parameters vs variety of parameters

Question 52

random vs blocked

Answer 52

performing motor tasks randomly vs a fixed order

Question 53

whole vs part

Answer 53

practicing the whole movement

Question 54

transfer practice condition

Answer 54

amount of transfer is dependent on similarity between 2 tasks/environments

Question 55

mental practice

Answer 55

supplementary motor cortex; does enhance skill acquisition

Question 56

guidance vs discovery

Answer 56

presence of physical guidance vs unguided conditions

Question 57

what are the 2 key elements when working with older patients

Answer 57

a combo of principles of motor learning and environment in which the skills are practiced

Question 58

what practice is highly effective in older adults

Answer 58

mental practice

Question 59

Knowledge of results (KR)

Answer 59

terminal, concrete feedback like a score

Question 60

Knowledge of performance (KP)

Answer 60

focuses on how well the athlete did in the process