Lifestyle And Disease Flashcards
(21 cards)
What do most CV disease start with?
Atheromas
Describe the stages in developing atherosclerosis?
If damage occurs to endothelium there will be an inflammatory response (WBC move to area)
WBC and lipids from blood clump together under endothelium to form fatty streaks
Over time WBC lipids and connective tissues build up and garden to form fibrous plaque called atheroma
Plaque partially blocks linen of artery and restricts blood flow
Blood pressure increases as a result
Hardening of arteries caused by atheromas called atherosclerosis
What do atheromas increase the risk of?
Thrombosis in arteries
How can thrombosis occur?
Atheroma can rupture am the endothelium of an artery damaging the artery wall and leaving a rough surface
Triggers thrombosis (blood clotting)
Blood clot can cause a complete blockage or become dislodged and block blood vessel elsewhere
Blood flow to tissues is supplied by blocked blood vessel and will be restricted so less oxygen
What are 3 forms of CV disease?
Stroke, heart attack and deep vein thrombosis
How does a blood clot form?
Protein called thromboplastin is released from damaged blood vessel
Thromboplastin along with calcium ions from plasma triggers conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin catalysed the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin fibres tangle together and form mesh in which platelets and RBC get trapped - this is the blood clot
Name the 2 soluble proteins in forming a blood clot?
Prothrombin and fibrinogen
Name the enzyme involved in the formation of a blood clot?
Thrombin
Name the insoluble fibres in the formation of a blood clot?
Fibrin
How can blood clots cause heart attacks?
Heart muscles supplied with blood via coronary artery
Blood contains oxygen for heart muscles to carry out respiration
If CA becomes completely blocked by clot area of muscle will be cut off from blood supply so won’t receive oxygen
Causes myocardial infarction
Causing death/damage of heart muscle
Symptoms include pain in chest, sweating and shortness of breath
Large areas of heart can be affected causing compete heart failure
What’s a stroke?
Rapid loss of brain function due to a disruption in blood supply to brain
How does a stroke happen?
Blood clot in artery leading to brain reducing amount of blood therefore oxygen that can reach the brain
What lifestyle factors can increase risk of CV disease?
Diet - high saturated fat increasing cholesterol increasing atheroma formation
High blood pressure - increase risk of damage to artery wall increasing risk of atheroma formation
Smoking - carbon monoxide in cigarette combined with haemoglobin and reduces amount of oxygen transported in blood
Inactivity - increased blood pressure
What are factors beyond control increasing chance of developing CVD?
Genetics - inherit particular alleles meaning they have higher blood pressure
Age - plaque builds up over time
Gender - men 3x more likely to suffer from CVD
Evaluation points of a study?
Sample size - greater number of people used increased reliability
Variables - more variables that have been controlled in a study the more reliable results
Data collection - less bias involved in collecting data more reliable results
Controls - presence of control increases validity of results
Repetition by other scientists - other scientists produce same results are more reliable
What 4 drugs can be used to test CVD?
Antihypertensives
Statins
Anticoagulants
Platelet inhibitory drugs
What are antihypertensives?
Reduce high blood pressure by vasodilating vessels - depression and allergic reactions
What are statins?
Reduce blood chokesterol by reducing amount of LDL cholesterol produced inside liver - headaches and nausea
What are anticoagulants?
Reduce blood clotting - allergic reactions, swelling of tissues
What are platelet inhibitory drugs?
Preventing platelets clumping together to form blood clot - nausea and diarrhoea
