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Lifestyle & Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Deficiency Disease?

A

A disease caused by a lack of one or more essential substances (as a vitamin or mineral) in the diet.

Deficiency diseases can lead to various health problems depending on the missing nutrients.

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2
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ Disease is caused by a lack of one or more essential substances in the diet.

A

Deficiency

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3
Q

What are essential substances that can lead to Deficiency Diseases?

A

Vitamins and minerals.

Essential substances are necessary for normal body functioning and growth.

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4
Q

What is the relationship between diet and growth & development?

A

Diet impacts growth and development by providing essential nutrients necessary for bodily functions.

Proper nutrition is crucial for physical and cognitive development.

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5
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in the food we eat?

A

Energy

Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy.

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6
Q

What function do proteins serve in the body?

A

Building body structures

Proteins are essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of fats and oils in our diet?

A

Energy stores

Fats and oils provide a concentrated source of energy and are important for hormone production.

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8
Q

What role do vitamins play in the body?

A

Metabolism

Vitamins are crucial for various biochemical reactions that sustain life.

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9
Q

What are minerals used for in the body?

A

Part of body structures

Minerals are necessary for building bones, teeth, and other tissues.

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10
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breakdown of food from large, insoluble molecules to small, soluble molecules.

Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical processes.

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11
Q

What is absorption in the context of digestion?

A

The process of small, soluble molecules being taken into the bloodstream through the wall of the intestine.

Absorption occurs after digestion.

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12
Q

How does food move through the gut?

A

By peristalsis.

Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract.

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13
Q

What are the main processes of the digestive system?

A

The main processes are:
* Ingestion
* Mechanical breakdown
* Propulsion
* Chemical digestion
* Absorption
* Elimination

These processes work together to ensure the body can utilize nutrients from food.

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14
Q

What are the three main macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

These macronutrients are essential for various bodily functions.

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15
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

The specific arrangement of these elements determines the type of carbohydrate.

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16
Q

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Source of energy

Carbohydrates provide fuel for the body’s activities.

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17
Q

Give 3 examples of carbohydrate-rich foods.

A
  • potatoes
  • pasta
  • bread
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18
Q

What are simple sugars?

A

Simple carbohydrates that are a source of energy and made up of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

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19
Q

Name a type of simple sugar.

A

Glucose

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20
Q

Name another type of simple sugar.

A

Fructose

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21
Q

What is sucrose?

A

A type of simple sugar composed of glucose and fructose

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22
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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23
Q

What is the chemical formula for fructose?

A

C6H12O6

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24
Q

What is the chemical formula for galactose?

A

C6H12O6

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25
Fill in the blank: Simple sugars are made up of _______.
hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
26
What is starch?
A carbohydrate that is a long chain of glucose molecules stored in plants ## Footnote Starch is a natural polymer, meaning it consists of repeated units of the same molecule.
27
What type of molecule is starch classified as?
Polysaccharide ## Footnote Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units.
28
What is the primary function of starch in plants?
Energy storage ## Footnote Starch serves as a major form of energy reserve in plants.
29
What is glycogen?
Energy storage in animals ## Footnote Glycogen is structurally similar to starch but is more branched.
30
What is cellulose?
Cell wall component in plants ## Footnote Cellulose is a polysaccharide that provides structural support to plant cells.
31
What are fats and oils made up of?
Triglycerides, which contain fatty acids and glycerol ## Footnote Triglycerides are a type of lipid.
32
Define triglycerides.
Molecules that contain fatty acids and glycerol ## Footnote Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and animals.
33
What are the two main components of triglycerides?
* Fatty acids * Glycerol ## Footnote Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.
34
True or False: Fats and oils are classified as lipids.
True ## Footnote Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic organic molecules.
35
Name 3 foods rich in fats and oils
* salmon * avocado * nuts
36
What is Glycerol?
A simple polyol compound. ## Footnote Glycerol is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic.
37
What is a Triglyceride?
A type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. ## Footnote Triglycerides are formed from glycerol and three fatty acids.
38
True or False: Oils contain more energy per gram than sugars.
True. ## Footnote This is due to the higher number of carbon-hydrogen bonds in fats compared to carbohydrates.
39
What is the primary form of energy storage in the human body?
Glycogen ## Footnote Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and muscles.
40
What type of lipid is a triglyceride?
A type of fat ## Footnote Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and animals.
41
What is a phospholipid?
A major component of cell membranes ## Footnote Phospholipids form the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes.
42
What is the structure that forms the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer ## Footnote The bilayer consists of two layers of phospholipids.
43
What is cholesterol classified as?
A type of lipid ## Footnote Cholesterol is essential for the formation of cell membranes and certain hormones.
44
Fill in the blank: _______ is a type of lipid that is crucial for cell membrane structure.
Phospholipid
45
What is a balanced diet?
A diet that includes a variety of foods from different food groups in the correct proportions to provide all the necessary nutrients for good health and energy ## Footnote A balanced diet supports overall health and well-being.
46
What are the components of a balanced diet?
* Carbohydrates * Protein * Fats * Fruits and vegetables * Dairy ## Footnote Each component plays a crucial role in nutrition.
47
Fill in the blank: A balanced diet is defined by the appropriate portions of _______.
[carbohydrates, protein, and fats]
48
True or False: A balanced diet only includes fruits and vegetables.
False ## Footnote A balanced diet includes multiple food groups.
49
What is the role of carbohydrates in a balanced diet?
Provide energy ## Footnote Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy.
50
Fill in the blank: Fats and oils are important for _______.
[energy and nutrient absorption]
51
What food group is essential for calcium intake?
Dairy ## Footnote Dairy products are a major source of calcium, important for bone health.
52
What is the importance of including a variety of foods in a balanced diet?
To ensure all necessary nutrients are consumed ## Footnote Different foods provide different essential nutrients.
53
What is dietary fibre classified as?
A nutrient known as a carbohydrate ## Footnote Dietary fiber is an essential part of a balanced diet.
54
What does fibre include?
Parts of plant foods that the body can't digest or absorb ## Footnote Fiber is crucial for digestive health.
55
What role does fibre play in the alimentary canal?
Adds bulk and 'roughage' to food so that intestines can push it along ## Footnote This function is essential for regular bowel movements.
56
How does insoluble fibre contribute to digestive health?
Keeps bowels healthy and helps prevent digestive problems ## Footnote Insoluble fiber is important for preventing constipation.
57
How much water should you drink daily?
6-8 glasses (1.2-1.8 litres)
58
Why should you drink water daily?
* hydration * bodily functions * overall well-being
59
How does water help?
* keeps the bloodstream liquid enough to flow through the blood vessels
60
Which by-products of the body's metabolism does water help eliminate?
* electrolytes (eg sodium, potassium) * urea
61
Urea is a ___ products formed through the processing of dietary ___
waste protein
62
How does water regulate body temperature?
Through sweating
63
What health problems can vitamin A deficiency lead to?
Includes eye issues like night blindness and xerophthalmia, skin problems, and increased susceptibility to infections ## Footnote Specific conditions include dry skin, throat and chest infections, delayed growth, acne and breakouts, poor wound healing, dry eyes, and infertility.
64
What are good sources of vitamin A?
Animal products and plant-based sources rich in beta-carotene, such as: * Liver * Fish * Eggs * Dairy * Orange and yellow vegetables and fruits * Dark green leafy vegetables ## Footnote Animal sources provide preformed vitamin A, while plant sources provide provitamin A carotenoids.
65
Fill in the blank: Vitamin A deficiency can cause _______.
night blindness
66
True or False: Vitamin A deficiency can lead to poor wound healing.
True
67
What skin problems are associated with vitamin A deficiency?
Dry skin, acne, and breakouts ## Footnote These skin issues can be exacerbated by a lack of vitamin A, which is essential for skin health.
68
What are some signs of vitamin A deficiency?
Signs include: * Night blindness * Dry eyes * Dry skin * Poor wound healing * Acne and breakouts * Throat and chest infections * Delayed growth * Infertility and trouble conceiving ## Footnote Each sign reflects the critical roles that vitamin A plays in various bodily functions.
69
What is the severe deficiency of Vitamin C called?
Scurvy ## Footnote Scurvy leads to various health issues due to lack of Vitamin C.
70
List three symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency.
* Bruising * Gum and dental problems * Anemia
71
Name two excellent sources of Vitamin C.
* Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, grapefruits) * Bell peppers
72
What are some common symptoms associated with Vitamin C deficiency? (List at least three)
* Dry/splitting hair * Slow wound healing * Easy bruising * Dry skin * Gingivitis * Nosebleeds * Joint pain * Immune impairment * Digestive disorders
73
Fill in the blank: Severe deficiency of Vitamin C causes _______.
[scurvy]
74
True or False: Anemia is a symptom of Vitamin C deficiency.
True
75
What type of fruits are excellent sources of Vitamin C?
Citrus fruits ## Footnote Examples include oranges, lemons, and grapefruits.
76
What condition is characterized by dry hair and skin due to Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy ## Footnote Other symptoms include easy bruising and joint pain.
77
List three vegetables that are excellent sources of Vitamin C.
* Broccoli * Brussels sprouts * Tomatoes
78
Fill in the blank: Vitamin C deficiency can lead to _______ and dental problems.
[gum]
79
What is vitamin D deficiency linked to?
Various diseases, including bone problems like rickets and osteomalacia, and may increase the risk of autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular issues.
80
Is vitamin D deficiency obvious in adults?
No, it isn't obvious.
81
How does the body produce vitamin D?
Through sunlight exposure.
82
Name an excellent source of vitamin D.
Oily Fish: Salmon, mackerel, sardines, and herring.
83
Which part of the egg contains vitamin D?
Egg Yolk.
84
What is another source of vitamin D besides fish and eggs?
Beef Liver.
85
What type of mushrooms can be a source of vitamin D?
Some mushrooms, especially those exposed to UV light.
86
List some common symptoms of vitamin D deficiency.
* Mood Changes * Bone Loss * Muscle Cramps (or weakness) * Bone & Joint Pain (especially in your back) * Fatigue
87
True or False: Vitamin D is only obtained through diet.
False
88
Fill in the blank: Your body naturally produces vitamin D through _______.
sunlight exposure
89
What is another term for calcium deficiency?
Hypocalcemia
90
Name three health problems caused by calcium deficiency.
* Bone disorders like rickets * Osteoporosis * Dental issues
91
What are some severe symptoms of calcium deficiency?
* Seizures * Irregular heartbeats
92
List some good sources of calcium.
* Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese) * Calcium-fortified foods * Certain leafy greens * Fish with edible bones
93
What are some symptoms of calcium deficiency?
* Tooth decay * Heart problems * Osteoporosis * Weak nails * Dermatitis
94
What occurs when the body lacks iron for haemoglobin production?
Iron deficiency ## Footnote Iron deficiency affects oxygen transport in the body.
95
What condition results from iron deficiency?
Iron-deficiency anemia ## Footnote This condition leads to insufficient healthy red blood cells.
96
List three symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia.
* Fatigue * Weakness * Pale skin
97
What are good sources of iron?
* Red meat * Poultry * Fish * Beans * Lentils * Dark green leafy vegetables * Iron-fortified cereals and bread * Dried fruits
98
Fill in the blank: Iron deficiency can cause _______.
fatigue
99
True or False: Iron deficiency can lead to heart palpitations.
True
100
Name a symptom of iron deficiency that affects mental performance.
Poor focus
101
Fill in the blank: A common symptom of iron deficiency is _______.
shortness of breath
102
List two neurological symptoms of iron deficiency.
* Restless leg syndrome * Headaches
103
What is a potential effect of iron-deficiency anemia on physical health?
Weakness
104
What is anaemia?
A condition of low red blood cells or haemoglobin, affecting oxygen transport. ## Footnote Anaemia can lead to various symptoms and health issues due to insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.
105
What are common symptoms of anaemia?
* Fatigue * Chest pain * Dizziness * Heart palpitations * Headache * Pallor (pale skin) * Shortness of breath * Pulsatile tinnitus * Frequent infections ## Footnote Symptoms can vary in severity and may indicate the underlying cause of anaemia.
106
What is the role of iron in hemoglobin?
The iron in hemoglobin binds oxygen, crucial for efficient oxygen delivery. ## Footnote Iron deficiency is a common cause of anaemia.
107
How is anaemia often treated?
By addressing nutritional deficiencies like iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid. ## Footnote Treatment may vary depending on the specific type of anaemia and its cause.
108
Fill in the blank: Anaemia can lead to _______ due to insufficient oxygen delivery.
[various symptoms and health issues].
109
What is anaemia?
A condition of low red blood cells or haemoglobin, affecting oxygen transport. ## Footnote Anaemia can lead to various symptoms and health issues due to insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.
110
What are common symptoms of anaemia?
* Fatigue * Chest pain * Dizziness * Heart palpitations * Headache * Pallor (pale skin) * Shortness of breath * Pulsatile tinnitus * Frequent infections ## Footnote Symptoms can vary in severity and may indicate the underlying cause of anaemia.
111
What is the role of iron in hemoglobin?
The iron in hemoglobin binds oxygen, crucial for efficient oxygen delivery. ## Footnote Iron deficiency is a common cause of anaemia.
112
How is anaemia often treated?
By addressing nutritional deficiencies like iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid. ## Footnote Treatment may vary depending on the specific type of anaemia and its cause.
113
Fill in the blank: Anaemia can lead to _______ due to insufficient oxygen delivery.
[various symptoms and health issues].
114
What is starvation?
Not eating enough, affecting energy production, muscle strength, and overall health due to inadequate nutrients. ## Footnote Starvation can lead to serious health issues if not addressed.
115
What are the main consequences of starvation?
Malnutrition, weight loss, muscle tissue breakdown, impaired immune function. ## Footnote Each of these consequences can significantly impact overall health.
116
Why is understanding a balanced diet important?
It is crucial for maintaining health and comprehending human biology and its link to disease. ## Footnote A balanced diet includes carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
117
Fill in the blank: Starvation can lead to _______.
malnutrition
118
True or False: Starvation only affects weight loss.
False ## Footnote Starvation affects multiple aspects of health, including muscle strength and immune function.
119
What nutrients are often inadequate during starvation?
Carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals. ## Footnote These nutrients are essential for energy and health.
120
What is the definition of overweight and obesity?
Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a health risk ## Footnote This definition emphasizes the health implications of excessive fat.
121
What does BMI stand for?
Body Mass Index
122
What is the BMI used for
It categorises individuals into weight categories that may lead to health problems. | It is a screening tool, giving a numerical value of a person's weight in
123
What BMI range is considered overweight?
BMI over 25 ## Footnote This classification helps identify individuals at risk for health issues.
124
What BMI value indicates obesity?
BMI over 30 ## Footnote Obesity is associated with higher health risks compared to being overweight.
125
How is BMI calculated?
BMI = WEIGHT (KG) ÷ HEIGHT (M3) ## Footnote The formula uses weight in kilograms and height in cubic meters.
126
What BMI range is classified as normal weight?
BMI 18.5 - 24.9 ## Footnote This range indicates a healthy body weight.
127
What health condition can obesity lead to?
Diabetes, High blood pressure, Heart disease, Cancer, Arthritis, Deficiency diseases ## Footnote These conditions are commonly associated with obesity and can significantly affect overall health.
128
Fill in the blank: Obesity can lead to _______.
Diabetes ## Footnote Diabetes is one of the major health risks associated with obesity.
129
True or False: High blood pressure is a possible consequence of obesity.
True ## Footnote High blood pressure is a common health issue linked to obesity.
130
List three diseases that obesity can lead to.
* Diabetes * Heart disease * Cancer ## Footnote These diseases are serious and can lead to further health complications.
131
What is one deficiency disease that can be associated with obesity?
Deficiency diseases ## Footnote Obesity can result in nutritional deficiencies due to poor dietary choices.
132
What harmful chemicals are found in cigarettes?
Tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide ## Footnote These chemicals contribute to various health issues associated with smoking.
133
How many smokers are there worldwide?
1.3 billion ## Footnote This statistic highlights the global prevalence of smoking.
134
How many deaths are caused by smoking annually?
Over 7 million ## Footnote This figure emphasizes the significant health risks associated with smoking.
135
How many deaths occur due to secondhand smoke each year?
1.2 million ## Footnote This statistic illustrates the dangers of secondhand smoke exposure.
136
What diseases does smoking increase the risk of?
Lung cancer, heart disease, and various cancers ## Footnote Nicotine addiction is a key factor in these increased risks.
137
True or False: Smoking is linked to nicotine addiction.
True ## Footnote Nicotine is the addictive substance found in cigarettes.
138
What is one way smoking harms the respiratory system?
Damages alveoli, leading to reduced lung function and diseases. ## Footnote Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
139
How does smoking affect the circulatory system?
Narrows blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and risk of heart attacks and strokes. ## Footnote Increased blood pressure can lead to cardiovascular diseases.
140
What reproductive risks are associated with smoking during pregnancy?
Increases risks like miscarriage and SIDS. ## Footnote SIDS stands for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
141
True or False: Smoking increases the overall cancer risk in the body.
True. ## Footnote Smoking is a leading cause of various types of cancer.
142
Fill in the blank: Smoking increases the risk of _______.
heart attack and heart disease.
143
What chronic conditions are associated with smoking?
Irreversible lung damage and increased risk of chronic lung conditions. ## Footnote Chronic lung conditions include COPD and emphysema.
144
List three health risks associated with smoking.
* Increases stroke risk * Increases psoriasis risk * Increases type 2 diabetes risk
145
How does smoking affect bone health?
Increases osteoporosis risk. ## Footnote Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones.
146
What mental health problems are linked to smoking?
Increases mental health problems. ## Footnote Smoking is associated with anxiety and depression.
147
What vision changes can result from smoking?
Changes or loss of vision. ## Footnote Smoking is linked to cataracts and age-related macular degeneration.
148
What oral health issue does smoking increase the risk of?
Increases gum disease risk. ## Footnote Gum disease can lead to tooth loss and other health issues.
149
What fertility problems can smoking cause?
Fertility problems. ## Footnote Smoking can affect both male and female fertility.
150
How does smoking affect wound healing?
Delays wound healing. ## Footnote Smoking reduces blood flow, which is essential for healing.
151
What is nicotine?
A stimulant drug found in tobacco plants ## Footnote Nicotine acts on the nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.
152
What are the effects of nicotine on the nervous system?
Increases heart rate and blood pressure ## Footnote Nicotine is highly addictive, leading to strong withdrawal symptoms.
153
How does nicotine contribute to addiction?
Causes the release of dopamine in the brain ## Footnote This release contributes to its addictive properties.
154
What is tar?
A sticky, brown substance formed by burning tobacco ## Footnote Tar contains many cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens).
155
What are the health effects of tar on the lungs?
Damages the lungs over time, contributing to diseases like emphysema and lung cancer ## Footnote Tar clogs the bronchi, reducing the ability of lungs to clean themselves and fight infections.
156
What is carbon monoxide?
A colorless, odorless gas produced by burning tobacco ## Footnote Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells more effectively than oxygen.
157
How does carbon monoxide affect oxygen transport in the blood?
Reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry ## Footnote This can lead to cardiovascular diseases as the heart must work harder.
158
What are the risks associated with prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide?
Increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes ## Footnote Prolonged exposure affects the heart's efficiency in supplying oxygen.
159
What is a carcinogen?
A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue ## Footnote Tobacco smoke contains over 70 known carcinogens.
160
Name three carcinogens found in tobacco smoke.
* Arsenic * Formaldehyde * Benzene ## Footnote These chemicals can damage or change cellular DNA.
161
How does exposure to carcinogens in tobacco smoke affect cancer risk?
Risk of cancer increases with the amount and duration of exposure ## Footnote Carcinogens can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
162
What is lung cancer?
Lung cancer originates in the lungs due to uncontrolled cell growth, leading to tumors that affect breathing and can spread.
163
What is the main cause of lung cancer?
Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer.
164
What are other causes of lung cancer besides smoking?
Exposure to radon, asbestos, and pollutants.
165
What does heart disease generally refer to?
Conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina), or stroke.
166
How is heart disease understood in terms of its impact on the heart?
As any disorder that affects the heart's ability to function normally, impacting its structure or performance.
167
True or False: Heart disease only refers to heart attacks.
False
168
Fill in the blank: Heart disease can lead to _______.
heart attack, chest pain (angina), or stroke
169
What is the primary function of the human skeleton?
Supports and gives shape to the body, protects vital organs, enables movement, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.
170
What bone is referred to as the cranium?
The skull that encases the brain.
171
Which bone connects the arm to the body?
Scapula.
172
What is the name of the upper arm bone?
Humerus.
173
Which structure is referred to as the pelvis?
The bony structure at the base of the spine.
174
What is the longest bone in the human body?
Femur.
175
What is the name of the kneecap?
Patella.
176
Which bone is located in the ankle and articulates with the tibia?
Talus.
177
What is the function of vertebrae?
Protect the spinal cord and support the head and trunk.
178
What is the function of ribs in the human skeleton?
Protect vital organs in the thorax and assist in breathing.
179
What bone is known as the sternum?
The breastbone located in the center of the chest.
180
Which bones are known as the radius and ulna?
The two bones of the forearm.
181
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the bone of the lower leg that is located on the medial side.
Tibia
182
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the bone of the lower leg that is located on the lateral side.
Fibula
183
What is the first function of the human skeleton?
Support ## Footnote The skeleton provides a framework that supports the body and maintains its shape.
184
What is the second function of the human skeleton?
Protection ## Footnote The skeleton protects vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
185
What is the third function of the human skeleton?
Movement ## Footnote The skeleton facilitates movement by providing attachment points for muscles and acting as levers.
186
What is the fourth function of the human skeleton?
Blood cells ## Footnote The skeleton plays a crucial role in the production of blood cells within the bone marrow.
187
What is the first function of the human skeleton?
Support ## Footnote The skeleton provides a framework that supports the body and maintains its shape.
188
What is the second function of the human skeleton?
Protection ## Footnote The skeleton protects vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
189
What is the third function of the human skeleton?
Movement ## Footnote The skeleton facilitates movement by providing attachment points for muscles and acting as levers.
190
What is the fourth function of the human skeleton?
Blood cells ## Footnote The skeleton plays a crucial role in the production of blood cells within the bone marrow.
191
What is the primary role of the human skeleton?
The structural framework for the body, providing support and shape.
192
What would happen to the body without the skeleton?
The body would collapse into a heap of tissues and organs.
193
How does the skeleton enable us to stand?
It provides a support system that allows for an upright posture.
194
True or False: The skeleton is essential for holding the body's organs together.
True
195
Fill in the blank: Without the skeleton, our body would _______ into a heap of tissues and organs.
collapse
196
What analogy is used to describe the importance of the skeleton?
Building a house without a frame would cause it to crumble.
197
What type of lever is a first-class lever?
A lever where the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load ## Footnote Examples include seesaws and scissors.
198
What characterizes a second-class lever?
A lever where the load is between the fulcrum and the effort ## Footnote Examples include wheelbarrows and nutcrackers.
199
What is a third-class lever?
A lever where the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load ## Footnote Examples include tweezers and fishing rods.
200
What is one of the crucial functions of the skeleton?
To protect delicate internal organs ## Footnote The skeleton acts as a protective shield for vital organs, similar to armor for a knight.
201
Which part of the skeleton encases and protects the brain?
The skull ## Footnote The skull is specifically designed to protect the brain from injury.
202
What does the rib cage shield?
The heart and lungs ## Footnote The rib cage provides a protective barrier for these vital organs.
203
True or False: The skeleton only supports the body and does not have a protective function.
False ## Footnote The skeleton also plays a crucial role in protecting internal organs.
204
Fill in the blank: The skeleton acts as a protective shield for our _______ organs.
vital ## Footnote Vital organs are essential for survival and function.
205
What enables movement in the body?
The skeleton, along with muscles and joints
206
How do muscles attach to bones?
Via tendons
207
What happens when muscles contract?
They pull on the bones, causing movement
208
What analogy is used to describe the relationship between the skeleton and muscles?
The skeleton is like the framework of a puppet, and muscles are like the strings
209
True or False: Muscles manipulate the bones to produce a limited range of movements.
False
210
Fill in the blank: When the puppeteer pulls the strings, the puppet moves in various _______.
[ways]
211
What is the role of tendons in movement?
They connect muscles to bones
212
What is the special substance within certain bones that produces blood cells?
Bone marrow ## Footnote Bone marrow is found particularly in long bones like the femur and humerus.
213
What types of blood cells are produced by bone marrow?
* Red blood cells * White blood cells * Platelets ## Footnote Each type of blood cell has essential functions in the body.
214
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carrying oxygen ## Footnote Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
215
What is the role of white blood cells?
Fighting infections ## Footnote White blood cells are crucial for the immune response.
216
What is the function of platelets?
Clotting to prevent excessive bleeding ## Footnote Platelets are essential for blood coagulation.
217
True or False: Bone marrow has no role in maintaining blood health.
False ## Footnote Bone marrow plays a crucial role in producing vital blood cells.
218
Fill in the blank: Bone marrow is responsible for producing _______.
blood cells ## Footnote This includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
219
What role does the skeleton play in the immune system?
Maintaining the health of our blood and immune systems ## Footnote The skeleton is involved in producing vital blood cells through bone marrow.
220
What are red blood cells responsible for?
Transporting oxygen throughout the body ## Footnote Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen.
221
Where is blood cell production primarily located?
In the marrow ## Footnote Bone marrow is the primary site for hematopoiesis.
222
What is the function of white blood cells?
Defending the body against infections ## Footnote White blood cells are crucial for the immune response.
223
What type of white blood cell is a lymphocyte?
A type of white blood cell involved in the adaptive immune response ## Footnote Lymphocytes include B cells and T cells.
224
Fill in the blank: _______ are white blood cells involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
Eosinophil
225
What are platelets primarily involved in?
Blood clotting ## Footnote Platelets help in the formation of blood clots to prevent bleeding.
226
What type of white blood cell is a basophil?
A white blood cell that plays a role in inflammatory responses ## Footnote Basophils release histamine during allergic reactions.
227
What is a neurophil?
A type of white blood cell that responds to bacterial infections ## Footnote Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells.
228
What is the definition of joints?
Joints are the points at which bones meet and allow movement. ## Footnote Joints play a crucial role in facilitating movement and providing stability to the skeletal system.
229
What is the role of articular cartilage?
Articular cartilage covers the surfaces of bones at joints to reduce friction and absorb shock. ## Footnote This cartilage is essential for smooth joint movement and preventing wear and tear on the bones.
230
What is an extensor muscle?
An extensor muscle is a muscle that extends a joint, increasing the angle between the bones. ## Footnote These muscles are important for movements such as straightening the arm or leg.
231
What is the function of a bursa?
A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues, such as muscles and bones. ## Footnote Bursae are found in areas where friction occurs, helping to facilitate smooth movement.
232
What is the significance of the joint capsule?
The joint capsule is a fibrous structure that encloses the joint, providing stability and containing synovial fluid. ## Footnote The synovial lining within the capsule produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint.
233
What does the term 'enthesis' refer to?
Enthesis refers to the site where a tendon or ligament attaches to a bone. ## Footnote This area is crucial for transferring forces from muscles to bones.
234
Fill in the blank: The _______ muscle is responsible for decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint.
[flexor muscle]
235
What is the proximal bone in relation to joints?
The proximal bone is the bone that is closest to the center of the body at a joint. ## Footnote Understanding proximal and distal references is important for anatomical descriptions.
236
What is the distal bone in relation to joints?
The distal bone is the bone that is farthest from the center of the body at a joint. ## Footnote This terminology is used to describe the relative positions of bones.
237
What is the role of ligaments in joints?
Ligaments connect bones to other bones at a joint, providing stability and support. ## Footnote They are crucial for maintaining the integrity of the joint during movement.
238
What type of movement does flexion describe?
Flexion is the movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, such as bending the elbow. ## Footnote This is a common movement in many joints, allowing for various actions.
239
What are the components of a synovial joint?
Components include: * Articular cartilage * Joint capsule * Synovial fluid * Ligaments * Bursa ## Footnote These components work together to allow for smooth and flexible movement.
240
What is the epiphyseal bone?
The epiphyseal bone refers to the ends of long bones where growth occurs during development. ## Footnote This area is critical during childhood and adolescence for bone lengthening.
241
What type of joints enable movement in one direction?
Hinge Joints ## Footnote Examples include the knee and elbow joints.
242
What are fused joints?
Immobile connections between bones formed by fusion ## Footnote An example is the fusion of skull bones in adults.
243
What are ligaments?
Tough bands of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones in a joint.
244
What is the primary function of ligaments?
To provide stability and prevent excessive movement.
245
What do ligaments help protect?
The joint from injury.
246
Which bones are connected in a normal knee joint?
Patella, femur, fibula, tibia.
247
What is the role of cartilage in joints?
To provide cushioning and reduce friction between bones.
248
What does ACL stand for?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament.
249
What is a meniscus?
A type of cartilage in the knee that acts as a cushion.
250
Fill in the blank: Ligaments connect _______ to other bones in a joint.
[bones]
251
True or False: Ligaments allow for excessive movement in a joint.
False
252
List three components of the normal knee joint.
* Patella * Femur * Tibia
253
What is the function of the ACL?
To provide stability to the knee joint.
254
What is cartilage?
Cartilage is a smooth, flexible tissue that covers the surface of bones at joints
255
What are the types of cartilage?
The types of cartilage are: * Hyaline cartilage * Elastic cartilage * Fibrocartilage
256
What is the function of cartilage at joints?
It acts as a shock absorber, reducing friction between bones and allowing for smooth movement
257
True or False: Cartilage is a rigid tissue.
False
258
Fill in the blank: Cartilage acts as a _______ at joints.
[shock absorber]
259
What allows for smooth movement between bones?
Cartilage reduces friction between bones
260
What is the primary function of cartilage in the knee joint?
To provide cushioning and support for joint movement ## Footnote Cartilage helps to reduce friction between the bones in the joint.
261
What type of cartilage is found in the knee joint?
Articular Cartilage ## Footnote Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in the knee joint.
262
True or False: Cartilage is a vascular tissue.
False ## Footnote Cartilage is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels.
263
Fill in the blank: The knee joint is primarily supported by _______.
Articular Cartilage ## Footnote This type of cartilage is crucial for smooth joint function.
264
What is the role of articular cartilage in joint health?
To absorb shock and distribute load across the joint surface ## Footnote Articular cartilage helps prevent wear and tear of the underlying bone.
265
What organization is associated with the term 'VERITAS health'?
It is related to health and wellness services ## Footnote The context suggests a focus on health promotion and education.
266
What lubricates the joint?
Synovial fluid ## Footnote Synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane.
267
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Reduces friction during movement and nourishes the cartilage.
268
What produces synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane.
269
What is the role of cartilage in the joint?
Cushions and supports the joint.
270
What connects bones to other bones in a joint?
Ligament.
271
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a protective layer covering the ends of bones in a joint.
Cartilage.
272
What is found in a cross section of a healthy joint?
Bone, ligament, cartilage, and synovial fluid.
273
True or False: Synovial fluid is important for joint nourishment.
True.
274
What are tendons?
Tendons are tough cords of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones. ## Footnote They play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscles to the skeleton.
275
What is the key mechanism behind joint movement?
Muscle contraction is the key mechanism behind joint movement. ## Footnote When muscles contract, they generate force that pulls on bones.
276
What do antagonistic muscles refer to?
Antagonistic muscles refer to muscle pairs that work in opposition to each other. ## Footnote One muscle contracts while the other relaxes, allowing for coordinated movement and stability.
277
Fill in the blank: When muscles contract, they pull on bones, causing movement at the _______.
joint
278
True or False: Tendons allow for movement at the joint by attaching muscles to ligaments.
False ## Footnote Tendons attach muscles to bones, not ligaments.
279
What are tendons?
Tendons are tough cords of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones. ## Footnote They play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscles to the skeleton.
280
What is the key mechanism behind joint movement?
Muscle contraction is the key mechanism behind joint movement. ## Footnote When muscles contract, they generate force that pulls on bones.
281
What do antagonistic muscles refer to?
Antagonistic muscles refer to muscle pairs that work in opposition to each other. ## Footnote One muscle contracts while the other relaxes, allowing for coordinated movement and stability.
282
Fill in the blank: When muscles contract, they pull on bones, causing movement at the _______.
joint
283
True or False: Tendons allow for movement at the joint by attaching muscles to ligaments.
False ## Footnote Tendons attach muscles to bones, not ligaments.
284
What is the function of the biceps muscle?
Responsible for flexing the forearm at the elbow joint ## Footnote The biceps contracts to pull the forearm towards the upper arm, bending the elbow.
285
When the biceps contracts, what movement occurs?
Bending the elbow ## Footnote The contraction pulls the forearm towards the upper arm.
286
What is the function of the triceps muscle?
Extends the forearm at the elbow joint, straightening the arm when it contracts.
287
What muscle is the antagonist to the triceps?
Biceps.
288
The triceps muscle acts as an antagonist to which action?
Flexion of the forearm.
289
Fill in the blank: The triceps muscle is the antagonist to the _______.
biceps.

Helena Biology (3 decks)

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