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Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

A series of chemical reactions that happens inside every living cell.

Respiration is a fundamental characteristic shared by all living things.

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2
Q

What type of respiration usually occurs inside our cells?

A

Aerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to take place.

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3
Q

What waste product do cells produce during aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is expelled from the body after being collected by the blood.

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4
Q

What does the air around us contain that is vital for respiration?

A

Oxygen.

Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration to occur.

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5
Q

What happens when you breathe in air?

A

You take air into your lungs.

This process allows oxygen to enter the body.

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6
Q

What role does blood play in the respiratory process?

A

It delivers oxygen to every cell and collects waste carbon dioxide.

Blood is crucial for transporting gases throughout the body.

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7
Q

What system is responsible for taking oxygen out of the air and getting rid of carbon dioxide?

A

The respiratory system.

This system includes organs such as the lungs.

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What are the key features of gas exchange surfaces in humans?

A

The key features are:
* Large surface area
* Thin surfaces
* Good ventilation
* Good blood supply
* Short diffusion distances

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10
Q

What is the primary gas exchange surface in humans?

A

The alveolus

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The alveolus allows faster diffusion of gases across its _______.

A

surface

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12
Q

True or False: Maintaining a high concentration gradient is important for gas exchange.

A

True

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13
Q

What is the function of deoxygenated red blood cells in gas exchange?

A

They transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs

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14
Q

What is the role of oxygenated red blood cells in gas exchange?

A

They transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

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15
Q

How many alveoli are contained in one lung?

A

Approximately 250 million

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16
Q

List the components of the human breathing system.

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pleural cavity
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Ribs
  • Diaphragm
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Bronchus
  • Bronchiole
  • Alveoli
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17
Q

What is the significance of good ventilation in gas exchange?

A

It helps maintain diffusion gradients for gases

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The pulmonary ________ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

A

artery

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19
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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20
Q

What occurs during the process of diffusion?

A

An equal distribution of particles throughout, reaching a state of equilibrium.

State of quilibrium - means equal, balanced

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21
Q

Is diffusion an active or passive process?

A

Passive process.

Meaning it requires no energy from the cell

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22
Q

What does diffusion not require from the cell?

A

Energy.

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23
Q

Why is diffusion fundamental in living organisms?

A

It facilitates the exchange of substances, such as the uptake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Diffusion occurs until there is an _______ of particles.

A

equal distribution.

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25
True or False: Diffusion requires energy input from cells.
False.
26
What is the concentration gradient?
The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas.
27
How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?
The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
28
Fill in the blank: The concentration gradient is the difference in concentration of a substance between _______.
[two areas]
29
What happens to the rate of diffusion when the concentration gradient is high?
The rate of diffusion increases.
30
True or False: A low concentration gradient results in a faster rate of diffusion.
False
31
What is an example of diffusion involving carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide diffuses into a leaf through the stomata ## Footnote Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange.
32
How do minerals and water enter a plant?
Minerals and water diffuse into the plant through the roots ## Footnote Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil through diffusion.
33
Where do food molecules diffuse into the bloodstream?
Food molecules diffuse into the bloodstream in the small intestine ## Footnote The small intestine is specialized for nutrient absorption.
34
In which part of the body do water molecules diffuse into the bloodstream?
Water molecules diffuse into the bloodstream in the large intestine ## Footnote The large intestine absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter.
35
What substance diffuses through the air as an example of diffusion?
Pollen diffuses through the air ## Footnote Pollen diffusion is important for plant reproduction.
36
True or False: The blood of an injured animal can diffuse through water.
True ## Footnote This can occur in situations where blood spills into a body of water.
37
What is glucose?
Glucose is the energy molecule of the cell ## Footnote Glucose plays a crucial role in cellular respiration and energy production.
38
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
CH2OH ## Footnote Glucose contains six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms.
39
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell
40
Mitochondria are ___
organelles | An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jo
41
What do mitochondria contain that is essential for respiration?
Enzymes for respiration
42
Where is most energy released in respiration?
In mitochondria
43
What is the outer layer of the mitochondrion called?
Outer membrane
44
What is the name of the enzyme complex that synthesizes ATP?
ATP Synthase
45
What is the inner layer of the mitochondrion called?
Inner membrane
46
What is the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion called?
Intermembrane Space
47
What is the fluid-filled space inside the mitochondrion known as?
Matrix
48
What are the folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria called?
Cristae
49
What organelle can be found within mitochondria that is involved in protein synthesis?
Ribosome
50
What are the small structures found in the matrix of mitochondria that store energy?
Granules
51
What is the role of cristae in mitochondria?
Increase surface area for ATP production
52
What type of genetic material do mitochondria contain?
DNA
53
What is anaerobic respiration?
A type of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen ## Footnote Anaerobic respiration is vital for organisms that live in environments lacking oxygen.
54
What does resting oxygen consumption refer to?
Steady-state oxygen requirement during rest ## Footnote This is the baseline level of oxygen consumption when the body is not performing any physical activity.
55
What is the term for the steady-state oxygen requirement during exercise?
Oxygen requirement ## Footnote This refers to the amount of oxygen needed by the body to sustain physical activity.
56
What does oxygen consumption indicate?
The amount of oxygen used by the body during physical activity ## Footnote Oxygen consumption is a key indicator of aerobic fitness.
57
Define oxygen deficit.
The difference between the oxygen required and the oxygen consumed at the start of exercise ## Footnote Oxygen deficit occurs when the body cannot meet its oxygen demands immediately at the onset of exercise.
58
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen required to restore the body to its resting state after exercise ## Footnote Oxygen debt includes the extra oxygen needed to repay the deficit incurred during exercise.
59
What happens at the start of exercise in terms of oxygen?
There is an oxygen deficit ## Footnote The body requires more oxygen than it can supply immediately when beginning exercise.
60
What occurs at the end of exercise regarding oxygen?
Oxygen consumption returns to resting levels ## Footnote This reflects the recovery phase where the body gradually normalizes its oxygen levels.
61
What is the recovery phase after exercise characterized by?
Restoration of oxygen levels and removal of lactic acid ## Footnote Recovery involves metabolic processes that help the body return to its pre-exercise state.
62
Fill in the blank: The time taken for the body to recover after exercise is known as _______.
Recovery ## Footnote Recovery duration can vary based on the intensity and duration of the exercise.
63
What is aerobic respiration?
A metabolic process that occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy used to produce ATP.
64
What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
65
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
66
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
67
Fill in the blank: Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of _______ into carbon dioxide and water.
glucose
68
True or False: Aerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.
False
69
What energy-carrying molecule is produced during aerobic respiration?
ATP
70
What is gas exchange?
Gas exchange is the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.
71
Why is oxygen required in all organisms?
Oxygen is required in all organisms to release energy.
72
What does this system show?
Respiratory system
73
What is the main entrance for air in the respiratory system?
Nose and Nasal Cavity ## Footnote The nasal cavity moistens and filters the incoming air.
74
What is the function of the trachea?
A tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air passage to the lungs ## Footnote The trachea is also known as the windpipe.
75
What do the bronchi do?
The trachea divides into two bronchi ## Footnote Each bronchus leads to a lung.
76
What are bronchioles?
Smaller branches of the bronchi that spread throughout each lung, leading air to the alveoli ## Footnote Bronchioles are crucial for directing air to the gas exchange sites.
77
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Alveoli ## Footnote Alveoli are tiny air sacs where oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
78
What are lungs composed of?
Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli ## Footnote The lungs are essential for oxygenating blood.
79
What is the role of the diaphragm?
A muscular partition below the lungs that facilitates breathing by changing pressure in the thorax ## Footnote The diaphragm expands and contracts to draw air in or expel it out.
80
The pleural cavity is filled with what?
Fluid ## Footnote This fluid helps reduce friction during breathing.
81
True or False: The intercostal muscles are involved in the breathing process.
True ## Footnote Intercostal muscles assist with the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity.
82
Fill in the blank: The trachea connects the ______ to the bronchi.
larynx ## Footnote The larynx is responsible for voice production and protects the trachea against food aspiration.
83
What are alveoli primarily responsible for?
Gas exchange ## Footnote They allow oxygen to enter the bloodstream and facilitate the removal of carbon dioxide.
84
What happens during inspiration?
External intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal muscles relax, diaphragm contracts and flattens, ribcage moves up and out, pressure in lungs is reduced, air is forced into the lungs ## Footnote Inspiration is the process of taking air into the lungs.
85
Which muscles contract during inspiration?
External intercostal muscles ## Footnote These muscles are responsible for elevating the ribcage during inhalation.
86
What is the role of the diaphragm during inspiration?
Contracts and flattens ## Footnote The diaphragm plays a critical role in increasing thoracic volume and reducing lung pressure.
87
What effect does inspiration have on lung pressure?
Pressure in the lungs is reduced ## Footnote This reduction in pressure allows air to flow into the lungs.
88
Fill in the blank: During inspiration, the ribcage moves _______.
up and out ## Footnote This movement is facilitated by the contraction of external intercostal muscles.
89
What is breathing in called?
inspiration
90
What is expiration?
breathing out
91
What is breathing?
The process of getting oxygen into the lungs and carbon dioxide out.
92
What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during expiration?
They contract.
93
What happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?
They relax.
94
What is the position of the diaphragm during expiration?
It relaxes and moves back up.
95
What happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration?
It is increased.
96
What is the result of increased pressure in the lungs?
Air is forced out of the lungs.
97
What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during expiration?
They contract.
98
What happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?
They relax.
99
What is the position of the diaphragm during expiration?
It relaxes and moves back up.
100
What happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration?
It is increased.
101
What is the result of increased pressure in the lungs?
Air is forced out of the lungs.
102
What is the percentage of nitrogen in inhaled air?
78% ## Footnote Inhaled air primarily consists of nitrogen.
103
What is the percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled air?
0,04% ## Footnote Carbon dioxide is a trace gas in inhaled air.
104
What is the percentage of oxygen in inhaled air?
21% ## Footnote Oxygen is vital for respiration.
105
What is the percentage of other gases in inhaled air?
78% ## Footnote Other gases include argon and trace gases.
106
What is the percentage of nitrogen in exhaled air?
78% ## Footnote Nitrogen remains largely unchanged during respiration.
107
What is the percentage of carbon dioxide in exhaled air?
5,04% ## Footnote Carbon dioxide increases due to metabolic processes.
108
What is the percentage of oxygen in exhaled air?
16% ## Footnote Oxygen levels decrease as it is consumed by the body.
109
What is the percentage of other gases in exhaled air?
0,96% ## Footnote The composition of other gases remains similar to inhaled air.
110
Which gas is not used at all by the body?
nitrogen
111
What is the Bek jar model?
A model representing how the lungs work
112
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs found in the lungs
113
What is the primary function of alveoli?
Facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by diffusion
114
How does oxygen and carbon dioxide move in the alveoli?
By diffusion
115
What adaptation do alveoli have for efficient gas exchange?
They have a large surface area and thin walls
116
Which gas enters the blood from the alveoli?
Oxygen
117
Which gas is expelled from the blood into the alveoli?
Carbon dioxide
118
Fill in the blank: The walls of capillaries are _______
Thin
119
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ## Footnote COPD is a group of lung conditions that make it difficult to breathe air out of the lungs.
120
What is a primary characteristic of COPD?
Difficulty breathing air out of the lungs ## Footnote This difficulty is due to obstruction in the airways.
121
Name 2 conditions that are part of COPD.
* Emphysema * Bronchitis ## Footnote Both conditions contribute to the symptoms and complications of COPD.
122
What are the main components of the respiratory system involved in COPD?
* Trachea * Bronchus * Bronchiole * Alveoli ## Footnote These structures are affected in various ways by COPD.
123
What happens to the airways in a healthy lung compared to those in COPD?
Healthy lung has open airways; COPD may have collapsed or narrowed airways ## Footnote This leads to breathing difficulties.
124
Fill in the blank: In COPD, the airways can become ______.
collapsed or narrowed
125
What role does mucus play in COPD?
Mucus can obstruct airways ## Footnote Excessive mucus production is common in bronchitis, a form of COPD.
126
What is the effect of tight smooth muscle in the airways?
It can contribute to airway obstruction ## Footnote This tightening can significantly worsen breathing difficulties.
127
True or False: Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveoli.
True | Often developed as a result of smoking ## Footnote This destruction leads to reduced gas exchange in the lungs.
128
What is the consequence of collapsed alveoli in COPD?
Reduced gas exchange ## Footnote This can lead to decreased oxygen levels in the blood.
129
What is asthma?
A condition or disease causing inflammation and narrowing of the airways
130
What difficulty do individuals with asthma experience?
Difficulty to breathe
131
Give 4 symptoms of asthma
* wheezing * coughing * chest tightness * shortness of breath
132
In severe cases, what symptoms may a person with asthma face?
Difficulty in talking or shortness of breath
133
Fill in the blank: Asthma causes inflammation and narrowing of the _______.
airways
134
True or False: Asthma only affects the respiratory system.
False
135
What are the three components of the circulatory system?
The heart, the vessels, and the blood. ## Footnote These components work together to transport substances throughout the body.
136
What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?
The heart pumps the blood. ## Footnote This pumping action is essential for maintaining blood circulation.
137
What is the role of the vessels in the circulatory system?
The vessels carry blood around the body. ## Footnote Vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries, each serving specific functions in circulation.
138
What components are found in the blood?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide. ## Footnote Blood also contains other components like nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
139
True or False: The blood only carries oxygen in the circulatory system.
False. ## Footnote Blood carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide, among other substances.
140
Fill in the blank: The _______ pumps blood around the body.
heart ## Footnote The heart is a muscular organ responsible for blood circulation.
141
What does WBC stand for?
White blood cell count
142
What does RBC stand for?
Red blood cell count
143
What are the 4 main components of blood?
* White blood cells * Red blood cells * Platelets * Plasma
144
What is the percentage range of plasma in blood?
52-62%
145
What percentage of blood do white blood cells and platelets make up?
<2%
146
What is the percentage range of red blood cells in blood?
38-48%

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