Limbic System

Question 1

What is the limbic system involved in?

Answer 1

Emotion, memory and learning

Question 2

Where is the limbic system found medial to?

Answer 2

Aspects of frontal, pariental and temporal lobes

Question 3

What is limbic system made of?

Answer 3

Orbito-frontal cortex and cingulate cortex

Question 4

The parahippocampal cortex is which part of the limbic cortex?

Answer 4

3rd

Question 5

What mainly supplies the limbic system?

Answer 5

Anterior cerebral artery which supplies medial structures

Question 6

What also supplies limbic system?

Answer 6

Posterior cerebral artery

Question 7

What is activated during pain and depression?

Answer 7

Anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 8

What is anterior cingulate cortex split into?

Answer 8

Caudal and rostral parts

Question 9

What does caudal anterior cingulate do?

Answer 9

Registers quality of pain (how bad it is)

Question 10

What proves the function of caudal anterior cingulate?

Answer 10

Cingulotomy

Question 11

What is a cingulotomy?

Answer 11

Involves cutting cingulate gyrus to disrupt fibres which reduces emotional distress of pain

Question 12

What does rostral anterior cingulate do?

Answer 12

Decides upon action in response to the pain

Question 13

What does rostral anterior cingulate merge into?

Answer 13

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 14

What may people do if they cannot decide what action to take?

Answer 14

Freeze

Question 15

What disorder may excessive activity in rostral anterior cingulate cause?

Answer 15

OCD

Question 16

What happens in loss of function of posterior cingulate gyrus?

Answer 16

Correlates with disorientation seen in Alzheimers patients

Question 17

Where are parahippocampal gyrus located?

Answer 17

Medial and inferior in the temporal lobe

Question 18

What do parahippocamapl gyrus involved in?

Answer 18

Learning and memory

Question 19

What are the parahippocampal gyrus closely related to?

Answer 19

subcortical regions of the limbic system; hippocampus and amygdala

Question 20

What does hippocampus do?

Answer 20

Registers place and time information to help form new memories

Question 21

What does loss of hippocampus do?

Answer 21

Failure to create experiences into memories

Question 22

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 22

Loss of ability to store new experiences

Question 23

Where does hippocampus lie?

Answer 23

Medial wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

Question 24

What do the hippocampus’ outfit fibres form?

Answer 24

Fornix

Question 25

What route does the fornic take?

Answer 25

Curves upwards and over the top of the 3rd ventricle

Question 26

Where do hippocampus fibres lie?

Answer 26

Under midline of corpus callosum, ending in the mammillary body of the hypothalamus

Question 27

What are the fornices attached to?

Answer 27

Septum pellucidum

Question 28

What is the septum pellucidum?

Answer 28

Thin sheet separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

Question 29

Where does the septum pellucidum attach between?

Answer 29

Fornix and corpus callosum

Question 30

What are at the anterior pole of the hypothalamus?

Answer 30

Septal nuclei

Question 31

In the Papez circuit, information goes from cingulate cortex to where?

Answer 31

Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 32

Info from parahippocampal gyrus goes where in papez circuit?

Answer 32

hippocampus

Question 33

Info from hippocampus travels where in papez circuit

Answer 33

Along the fornix to mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

Question 34

Info from hypothalamus goes where in papez circuit?

Answer 34

Anterior thalamus

Question 35

Where does info from anterior thalamus go in papez circuit?

Answer 35

Cingulate cortex

Question 36

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 36

Thiamine (B1 vitamin) deficiency

Question 37

Where is thiamine deficiency mostly seen in?

Answer 37

Alcoholics

Question 38

What does thiamine deficiency lead to?

Answer 38

Atrophy of mammillary body, hippocampus and fornix

Question 39

Symptoms of wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 39

``` Anterograde and retrograde amnesia Confabulation Opthalmoplegia Confusion Ataxia ```

Question 40

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 40

When subjects lose all sense of fear

Question 41

What are the categories in Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 41

``` Psychic blindness Oral tendencies Hypermetamorphism Altered sexual behaviour Emotional changes ```

Question 42

Why does Kluver-Bucy syndrome occur?

Answer 42

Bilateral removal of the temporal lobe tips (amygdala)

Question 43

Where is the amygdala located?

Answer 43

Enterhinal (olfactory) cortex in Anterior-medial temporal lobe

Question 44

What does stimulation of amygdala do?

Answer 44

Produces panic fear terror responses

Question 45

What does amygdala activate?

Answer 45

Fight or flight response of sympathetic NS

Question 46

What compliments the amygdala?

Answer 46

Hippocampus

Question 47

What does septal nuclei connect with?

Answer 47

Reticular formation

Question 48

What mechanism is the septal nuclei?

Answer 48

Sensory mechanism

Question 49

Where does reticular formation forward signals to?

Answer 49

Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

Question 50

How are reticulospinal tracts activated?

Answer 50

Signals is sent from RF from hypothalamus

Question 51

Where does septal nucleus lie?

Answer 51

Bottom of septum pallucidum

Question 52

What do the septal nucleus merge to form?

Answer 52

Basal nucleus

Question 53

Accumbens nucleus and septal nucleus form the what?

Answer 53

Ventral striatum

Question 54

What fibres does the accumbens nucleus receive?

Answer 54

Dopaminergic fibres

Question 55

What pathway is accumbens nucleus part of?

Answer 55

Mesolimbic

Question 56

What is mesolimbic pathway?

Answer 56

Set of dopamine neurones that project from the brainstem to the accumbens nucleus

Question 57

What is the ventral striatum involved in?

Answer 57

Initiation of termination of behaviours that trigger reward pathways e.g. chewing food

Question 58

What sends axons down brainstem to activate dopaminergic neurones

Answer 58

Septal nuclei

Question 59

What forms dorsal striatum

Answer 59

caudate and putamen

Question 60

What does dorsal striatum do?

Answer 60

Decide what actions to take next based on frontal lobe plans

Question 61

What does ventral striatum do?

Answer 61

Decide what actions to take place based on reward systems or impending threats

Question 62

What does hypothalamus do?

Answer 62

Command signals can be sent down axons to nuclei via the brainstem reticular formation