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Neuro Block 4 > Limbic System and cognition > Flashcards

Limbic System and cognition Flashcards

0
Q

Where is the hippocampus found?

A

Temporal lobe

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1
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Mood, emotion, feeling, motivation

50% of Pxs will be there for mood disorders

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2
Q

Where do fibers from the hippocampus go?

A

Around the thalamus and to the mammillary body and also to the septal nuclei

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3
Q

What is the name of the fiber bundle from the hippocampus to the mammillary body and septal nucleus?

A

The fornix

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4
Q

Where is The locus cerullius and what does it make?

A

In the pons

Makes norepinephrine

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5
Q

Where is RAPHE nuclei and what is made there?

A

Serotonin is made there

Found in the midbrain and pons

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6
Q

What do arousal and sleep-wake cycle?

A

Norepinephrine and serotonin

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7
Q

What is the meso limbic system?

A

Reward system
In the midbrain
Dopamine

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8
Q

What is the nucleus of the midbrain that produces the most dopamine in the body?

A

The ventral tegmental area (VTA)

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9
Q

Where does the VTA project?

A

Nucleus accumbens
Medial prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Septal nuclei

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10
Q

What do cocaine and amphetamine do to dopamine?

A

Prevent dopamine reuptake

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11
Q

What does a lesion in the VTA or the nucleus accumbens do?

A

Decrease in drug seeking behavior

Same if you give dopamine receptor blockers

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12
Q

What does the nucleus basalis and septal nucleus make?

A

ACh

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13
Q

What nuclei make ACh in the meso limbic system?

A

Nucleus basalis

Septal nucleus

First to go in Alzheimer’s

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14
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Learning, fear conditioning

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15
Q

What do lesions of the amygdala do?

A

Prevent fear conditioning

Still feel free but cannot pair neutral and bad stimulus

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16
Q

What does injury to the prefrontal cortex do?

A

Prefrontal lobe syndrome

  • bad goal directed behavior
  • emotionless
  • responsive to criticism
  • poor social judgement
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17
Q

What does the dorsal PFC do?

A

Executive function

Working memory

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18
Q

What does the orbital frontal cortex do?

A

Projects to the amygdala

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19
Q

What does the PFC do to the amygdala?

A

Via the OFC is inhibits the amygdala (normally activates the hypothalamus)

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20
Q

What happens with a lesion in the hippocampus?

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

Anterograde amnesia –> no new memories
Temp retrograde memories –> lost old

Old memories were explicit: semantic (facts) and episodic (experiences) where he was

Still had motor skills

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21
Q

What is Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A

Bilateral loss of amygdala

Impaired recognition of emotion NAND facial expressions

Inability to judge like emotions (fear vs. anger)

Emotional memory loss

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22
Q

What is the triad of symptoms in PTSD?

A

Re-experiencing the situation

Avoidance of similar situation

Hyperarousal, increase anxiety

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23
Q

What is the etiology of PTSD?

A

Increase amygdala

Decrease medial PFC

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24
What are symptoms of schizophrenia? | Fragmentation of mood, thought and movement
Positive: delusions, hallucinations Negative: social withdrawal Tx only affects positive symptoms 1% of population
25
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Too much dopamine receptors Haloperidol is anti dopamine, side effect is Parkinson's motor dysfunction Clozapine 1. Block DA receptor for a small amount of time 2. Block serotonin receptors 3. Block glutamate reuptake
26
What is the basis of the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?
PCP - blocks NMDA receptors Tx: up glutamate
27
What are symptoms of depression?
Lethargy Anhedonia - no pleasure in normal activities Loss of sleep and weight 15%. (20% female, 13% male)
28
What is the mono amine hypothesis of depression?
Depression is due to a decrease in NE and or Serotonin receptor activity Tx: raise those concentration in synaptic cleft
29
How do we block MAO and what does it do?
Block metabolism of NE or 5HT
30
What do tricyclics like imipramine do?
Block reuptake of NE and 5HT
31
What do SSRIs like Prozac (fluoxetine) do?
Block reuptake of 5HT
32
What is Korsakoff's syndrome symptom wise?
3 No new memories Disorientation of space and time Made up stories
33
What causes Korsakoff's syndrome?
Alcoholism leading to B1-thiamine def
34
What part of the limbic system is damaged in Korsakoff's?
Mammillary bodies or mamallothalamic tract
35
What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
From temporal lobe damage by stroke or encephalitis Amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal lobe bilateral Little emotion (loss of amygdala) Hyper sexuallality (always change it here) (damage pathways to hypothalamus) Visual agnosia - inability to discriminate visual stimuli (think pen is food?) damage visual pathways
36
What is characteristic of Alzheimer's dementia (AD)?
50% of people over 85 1st stage: loss of memory 2nd stage: mood disorder, anxiety and depression 3rd stage: loss of motor function 4th stage: complete Loss of cognitive function
37
What is the etiology of Alzheimer's?
Loss of Cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis Proteins NFT inside the cell and B-amyloid plaques form outside the cells Lateral ventricles are huge because the neurons are gone?
38
Why treat Alzheimer's with Aricept?
Blocks acetylcholine esterase
39
What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
30-50year Progressive neurodegeneration disease caused by repeated head trauma 3 symptoms: 1. Cognition-anterograde amnesia, goal directed behavior (PFC) 2. Mood - depression and apathy 3. Behavior - impulse control is bad, aggressive Get NFTs in amygdala and hippocampus and PFC
40
What is cognition?
Our internal life Perception, memory attention language, emotion Planning Consciousness The integration of many kinds of information Gives choice of appropriate behaviors
41
What is the "default network?"
Involved in day dreaming or mind wandering Autobiographical memories envisioning the future moral decisions 6 parts - posterior parietal - posterior cingulate - dorsolateral prefrontal - medial prefrontal - medial temporal - rostrolateral temporal
42
What is disturbed in mental illnesses like depression, OCD, schizophrenia, autism?
The default network
43
What are the "not-primary" cortexes?
Either unimodal integrating with one sensory modality Or multimodal integrating with many Examples are the premotor cortex, all association cortexes (visual, somatosensory, auditory)
44
What is the hierarchy of projections to carry out an appropriate behavioral response to a stimulus?
Primary sensory cortex --> unimodal --> multimodal --> premotor cortex --> motor cortex
45
What stain is used to look at the cortical lamination?
Nissl stain (6 layers)
46
What are stellate cells used for?
Lots of sensory information intake | In layer 4 therefore 4 is big in sensory places and small in motor
47
What is in layer 5 and when is it bigger/smaller?
Betz cells, large pyramidal cells Big in motor cortexes
48
What is layer four?
Sense-specific thalamic nucleus
49
What are the four areas of the thalamus important for sense specific thalamic nucleuses?
VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN
50
What is the input and output of the lateral geniculate nucleus?
Input - retina | Output - primary visual cortex
51
What is the input and output of the medial geniculate nucleus?
Input - Cochlea via brainstem auditory nucleus | Output - primary auditory cortex
52
What areas of the thalamus are for multimodal thalamic nuclei? (Have a big layer 4)
Pulvinar Medial dorsal Lateral posterior Anterior
53
What is the input and output of the Pulvinar?
Input - association cortex, superior colliculus Output - parietotemporal and visual association cortex Involved in putting vision to auditory cortex? And visual cortex
54
What is the input and output of the medial dorsal nucleus?
Input: superior colliculus, olfactory cortex, amygdala, ventral pallidum Output: FEF, anterior cingulate cortex
55
What is the input and output of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus?
Input: association cortex, anterior cingulate, retina Output: parietal and visual association cortex, anterior cingulate, striatum
56
What is the input and output of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
Input: hypothalamus, hippocampus, cingulate Output: posterior cingulate
57
What do layers 2 and 3 of the sensory and association cortexes do?
Send info to other cortical areas
58
What is a callosal connection?
Info from cortex of one hemisphere to the other
59
Where does layer 6 project?
The thalamus
60
Where does layer 5 project?
Thalamus and other sub cortical structures (BG, midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord)
61
What four thalamic nuclei project to the primary sensory cortex?
LGN, MGN, VPL, VPM
62
Where do modulatory inputs come from?
From the thalamus and brainstem to the cortex
63
What has the highest density of corticocortical connections?
The association cortex rather than the primary
64
What is the function of the association cortex?
Integrate different modalities Mediate internal cognition Mediate between sensory inputs and appropriate behavioral output
65
What is the parietal cortex associated with?
Visual attention, localization, spatial relationships, motor programs
66
What area of the cortex does recognition and object identification?
Temporal cortex (also language)
67
What does the parietal association cortex do on the non dominant hemisphere?
Attention Visuospatial localization Spatial relationships
68
What does the dominant hemisphere of the parietal association cortex do?
Skilled movements | Right-left orientation
69
Where is attention best localized to?
The posterior (inferolateral) parietal cortex In the inter parietal sulcus
70
What is the stroop test?
Have the name of a color in a specific color
71
Where is the stroop test localized to?
Posterior parietal cortex
72
What does damage to the posterior parietal cortex (attention) do?
``` Spatial neglect (non dominant) Motor apraxia (dominant) ```
73
What is spatial neglect?
Failure to acknowledge half the world Can apply to the world, your body, thoughts and memories Occurs in about half of right hemisphere strokes
74
Where is motor apraxia associated with?
Inter parietal sulcus Inability to perform skilled movements Sensory and motor systems in tact
75
What is ideomotor apraxia?
Cannot use tools May or may not be able to perform action in daily life Use of hand in place of imaginary tool indicates damage
76
What is ideational apraxia?
Inability to sequence actions
77
What is orofacial apraxia?
Inability to make specific facial movements
78
What area of the temporal lobe is involved in recognition?
Inferior temporal cortex and deeper structures
79
What area do the temporal lobe does language and social attention?
Superior temporal sulcus
80
What is important about face neurons?
No grandmother neuron Represented through population coding Each neuron responds to a particular feature and together build an image Body parts and places may have specific regions
81
What is agnosia?
Deflects In recognition | Inability to recognize or identify objects
82
What is prosopagnosia and what causes it?
Inability to recognize faces Caused by bilateral lesion of the inferior temporal cortex
83
What is visual agnosia caused by?
Damage to unimodal visual cortex Can't recognize an object by sight
84
What is Astereognosia and what is it caused by?
Inability to recognize an object by touch alone Caused by damage to unimodal somatosensory cortex
85
What is finger agnosia?
Right- left confusion Gerstmann syndrome Damage to angular gyrus of dominant parietal cortex
86
What does damage to the PFC do?
``` Impaired restraint Can't plan Disordered thought Perseceration Cannot guide behavior Inappropriate behavior ```
87
What is the changes of the cortex over maturation?
Synaptic density Myelination Gray matter thickens
88
What is the gradient of maturation of the PFC?
Posterior to anterior 1. Sensorimotor 2. Unimodal association areas 3. Highly connected PF, posterior parietal is last (attention)
89
What areas degenerate first?
The ones that matured last

Neuro Block 4 (13 decks)

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