Neurolab 8/9

Question 0

Where does the anterior limb of the internal capsule connect?

Answer 0

Frontal cortex

Question 1

What does damage to the SMA cause?

Answer 1

Unable to learn new sequences of movements

Involves alien hand syndrome and inappropriate motor usage of objects

Question 2

What limb does the corticospinal tract pass through?

Answer 2

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

Question 3

What does the pyramidal tract mean?

Answer 3

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tract

Question 4

Where does the corticospinal tract cross?

Answer 4

At the decussation of the pyramids

Question 5

What is the somatotopic orientation of the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?

Answer 5

Sacral - lateral
Lumber
Thoracic
Cervical - medial

Question 6

What is the somatotopic organization of the corticospinal tract?

Answer 6

CTLS
Anterior to posterior (all in the posterior limb of the internal capsule)

Midbrain:
CTLS anterior to posterior

Question 7

What is in the area of the genu?

Answer 7

Corticobulbar tract

Question 8

What nucleus does the corticobulbar tract supply?

Answer 8

Occularmotor

Question 9

What does the corticobulbar tract go?

Answer 9

Trigeminal motor nucleus

Facial nerve (bilateral to upper face, contralateral to lower face)

Hypoglossus in the medulla (bilateral)

Question 10

Where does the cortico-olivary tract start and end?

Answer 10

Cortex to the inferior olivary nucleus (red nucleus in the way?)

All ipsilateral

Question 11

Where does the rubro-olivary nucleus start and end?

Answer 11

Red nucleus to the inferior olivary nucleus

Carries corticorubral fibers and others from the cerebellum

Question 12

Where does the cortico pontine tract go?

Answer 12

Cortex –> pons

Ipsilateral

Question 13

What is the cortico-cerebellar pathway?

Answer 13

Corticopontine tract goes from the cortex to the pontine nucleus
–> the pontocerebellar fibers start and go contralateral to the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 14

Where does the vestibulospinal detract go?

Answer 14

Medial VST –> MLF –> abducens, trochlear, occularmotor + head and neck muscles (via alpha and motor): coordinates head and eye movements

Lateral VST –> primarily extensors of extremities (flex thigh, extend upper extremetis)

Question 15

What is the reticulospinal tract?

Answer 15

Starts in the RF everything the cranial nuclei

Two nuclei –> pontine and medullary

Question 16

What does the pontine nucleus of the reticulospinal tract do?

Answer 16

Antigravity extensor muscles

Question 17

What does the medullary nucleus of the reticulospinal tract do?

Answer 17

responsible for inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement

Question 18

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

Answer 18

Contributes to flexion of lower limb

Question 19

What is decorticate and decerebrate?

Answer 19

Decorticate (supratentorial) - above the red nucleus (upper limb flexed, lower limb extended)

Decerebrate (posterior fossa) - loss of red nucleus and brainstem involvement (all limbs flexed)

Question 20

What is the olivocerebellar pathway?

Answer 20

Contralateral unlike the others

From the inferior olivary nucleus –> inferior cerebellum peduncle –> climbing fibers –> molecular layer

Question 21

What is the only cerebellum tract that does not go through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 21

Pontocerebellar peduncle

Question 22

What do all the tracts besides the olivocerebellar tract do?

Answer 22

Terminate in the granular cell layer as mossy fibers

Question 23

What tract gives rise to climbing fibers?

Answer 23

The olivocerebellar tract

Question 24

Where do pontocerebellar tract fibers go?

Answer 24

Come from pontine nuclei (ipsilateral) Cross midline through the Middle cerebellar peduncle Mossy fibers in the granule layer and innervate the deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 25

What is everything in the molecular layer of the cerebellum?

Answer 25

Excitatory except the purkinje cells

Question 26

What are the deep cerebellar nuclei inhibited by?

Answer 26

The purkinje cells

Question 27

Where do mossy fibers synapse?

Answer 27

Granule cells and deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 28

Where do the dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts start and end?

Answer 28

Clarke's nucleus in the spinal cord --> tracts --> inferior CP --> mossy fibers --> granular layer and deep cerebellar nuclei ALL ipsilateral

Question 29

What are the dentato-rubro-thalamic and where do they go?

Answer 29

Come from Dentate or interposed nucleus --> red nucleus of thalamus (VL nucleus) --> cross?

Question 30

Where does the dentato-rubro-thalamic fibers decussate?

Answer 30

Below the trochlear nucleus and go to the contra lateral rednucleus

Question 31

Where do efferents of the Dentate nucleus go?

Answer 31

Superior CP --> VL

Question 32

Where does the interposed (emboliform and globose) go?

Answer 32

Superior CP --> red nucleus

Question 33

Where does the fastigial nucleus go?

Answer 33

Inferior CP --> VN

Question 34

What is the basal ganglion direct pathway?

Answer 34

Excitatory

Question 35

What is the STN lesion like?

Answer 35

Hemiplosimis? | Wild movements of the muscles on the contralateral side

Question 36

Where is the substantia Nigra?

Answer 36

Midbrain c then r

Question 37

Where is dopamine synthesized?

Answer 37

The nerve terminals of the striatum

Question 38

What are the neurons in the direct pathway?

Answer 38

GABA and substance P | Excitatory by D1

Question 39

What are the neurons in the indirect pathway?

Answer 39

GABA and enkephalin Inhibitory by D2 (Less inhibition, more stimulation of the thalamus)

Question 40

What is the function of the direct and indirect pathway?

Answer 40

Direct - excitatory Indirect - inhibitory