Limbs 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two major structures of the body?
A
- main body (head, neck and trunk)
- appendages (upper and lower limbs)
2
Q
What are the two major structures of the skeleton?
A
- axial skeleton (head, neck and trunk)
- appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs)
3
Q
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
A
- upper and lower limb bones
- bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdle
4
Q
What is the function of the upper limb?
A
position the hand for manipulation and grip activities
5
Q
What is the function of the lower limb?
A
support the body weight, locomotion, maintain balance
6
Q
Which joints connect the upper limbs to the trunk?
A
- sternoclavicular joints (true joints)
- scapulo-thoracic joints (virtual joints)
7
Q
Which joints connect the lower limbs to the trunk
A
Sacroiliac joints (between the pelvis and sacrum)
8
Q
What are the four regions of the upper limb?
A
- The pectoral (shoulder) girdle
- The arm
- The forearm
- The hand
9
Q
What are the pectoral girdle bones?
A
Clavicle and scapula
10
Q
What is the arm bone?
A
The humerus
11
Q
What are the forearm bones?
A
The radius and ulna
12
Q
What are the wrist bones?
A
Carpal bones
13
Q
What are the bones of the main part of the hand?
A
Metacarpals
14
Q
What are the bones of the digits, including the thumb?
A
Phalanges
15
Q
What are the articulations of the clavicle?
A
- Medial end articulates with the thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium
- Lateral end articulates with the scapular acromion
16
Q
What is the clavicle?
A
- moveable structure which supprts the scapula and upper limb
- site of muscle attachment
17
Q
Label this diagram of the clavicle
A
- Acromial end
- Shaft
- Sternal end
- Sternal facet
- Impression for costoclavicular ligament
- Subclavian groove
- Trapezoid line
- Acromial facet
- Conoid tubercle
18
Q
What is the scapula?
A
- shoulder blade
- triangular plate of bone
- various bony features and fossae which act as sites of attachment for muscles and ligaments
19
Q
Label this diagram of the scapula
A
- Supraspinous fossa
- Scapular spine
- Acromion
- Glenoid fossa
- Infraspinous process
- Subscapular fossa
- Coracoid process
20
Q
What can be seen on the scapula’s anterior view?
A
- acromion
- coracoid process
- glenoid fossa
- subscapular fossa
21
Q
What can be seen on the scapula’s posterior view?
A
- supraspinous fossa
- scapular spine
- acromion
- glenoid fossa
- infraspinous fossa
22
Q
What is the glenoid fossa?
A
Socket of the shoulder joint
23
Q
What does the acromion articulate with?
A
The clavicle
24
Q
What does the glenoid fossa articulate with?
A
Humoural head
25
What is the scapula held against?
The posterolateral thoracic wall
26
What is the humerus?
largest bone of the upper limb
27
What does the humerus articulate with?
- glenoid fossa proximally to form shoulder joint
- radius and ulna distally to form elbow joint
28
Label this diagram of the humerus
1. Greater tubercle
2. Intertubercular sulcus
3. Lesser tubercle
4. Lateral epicondyle
5. Humerus shaft
6. Medial epicondyle
7. Deltoid tuberosity
8. Radial groove
29
What connects the inner shafts of the radius and ulna?
Intraosseous membrane
30
What do the radius and ulna articulate with?
- humerus proximally
- carpal bones distally
31
How many rows of carpal bones are there and how many bones are in each row?
Two rows of four
32
What do the carpal bones articulate with?
- proximal row (apart from pisiform) with radius and ulna
- distal row with metacarpals
33
How are joints classified?
- strucutal properties
- mobility
34
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
35
What are fibrous joints?
bones connected by fibrous connective tissue, e.g. sutures of skull
36
What are cartilaginous joints?
bones connected with cartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis
37
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
- primary (hyaline cartilage)
- secondary (fibrocartilage)
38
What are synovial joints?
- bones not directly connected at joint surfaces
- articulation is surrounded by enclosing synovial capsule
- generally covered in hyaline cartilage
39
What are the different types of synovial joints?
- uniaxial (moves in one direction)
- biaxial (moves in two planes)
- multiaxial (moves in several planes)
40
What is the relationship between joint mobility and stability?
The more mobile a joint, the less stable it usually is
41
Which other structures provide stability to joints?
Ligaments and tendons
42
What is a ligament?
collagenous connective tissue linking bones
43
What is a tendon?
collagenous connective tissue between bones and muscles
44
What is a retinaculum?
- thickened band of deep fascia found close to a joint
- holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing
45
What is an aponeurosis?
- a flat, sheet-like structure formed from a tendon or ligament
- can provide a broad attachment for a muscle which will distribute mechanical load over a larger area
46
What is a bursa?
- a closed sac of a serous membrane
- found at body sites that are subject to friction
47
What are the joints of the upper limb?
* Sterno-clavicular joint (SCJ)
* Acromio-clavicular joint (ACJ)
* Gleno-Humeral joint (GHJ) (Shoulder joint)
* Scapulo-thoracic joint (STJ)
* Elbow joint
* Wrist joint
* Numerous joints in the hand
48
Describe the sternoclavicular joint
- synovial saddle joint
joint cavity divided by fibrous articular disc
- stabilised with a number of ligaments
- significant mobility during clavicle elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula
49
Decribe the acromioclavicular joint
- plane synovial joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion
- rotation and some
vertical and anterior/posterior (A/P) movements
50
Describe the glenohumeral joint
- ball-and-socket synovial joint
- glenoid fossa is shallow, but slightly deepened by a cartilaginous labrum
- highly mobile joint with wide range of movement
- muscles required for joint stability
51
Describe the elbow joint
- synovial hinge joint
- allows for flexion and extension of forearm
52
Label the carpal bones
1. Scaphoid
2. Lunate
3. Triquetrium
4. Pisiform
5. Trapezium
6. Trapezoid
7. Capitate
8. Hamate
53
Which carpal bones form the wrist joint at the articular disc?
- scarphoid carpal bone
- lunate carpal bone
- triquetrum carpal bone
54
What do the radius and ulna articulate with to form the wrist joint?
- radius = articular disc
- ulna = distal radio-ulnar joint (just proximal to wrist joint)
55
What happens to the articular disc during pronation/supination?
Slides over the distal end of the ulna
56
How many phalages does each digit have?
3 (aside from thumb, which has 2)
57
What are the joints between the two rows of carpal bones?
Intercarpal joints
58
What are the joints between the distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones?
Carpometacarpal joints
59
What are the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges called?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
60
What are the joints between the proximal and middle phalanges called?
Proximal interphalagneal joints
61
What are the joints between the middle and distal phalanged called?
Distal interphalangeal joints
62
What are the limb muscles divided into?
Compartments with:
- distinct function
- same nerve supply
- same blood supply
- connective tissue sepatae to separate them
63
What are the compartments of the upper limb?
* Pectoral girdle muscles
* Intrinsic shoulder muscles
* Anterior arm muscles
* Posterior arm muscles
* Anterior forearm muscles
* Posterior forearm muscles
* Intrinsic hand muscles
64
Which upper limb muscles are flexors?
- anterior arm muscles
- anterior forearm muscles
65
Which arm muscles are extensors?
- posterior arm muscles
- posterior forearm muscles
66
Which muscles compartments act on the shoulder?
- pectoral girdle muscles
- intrinsic shoulder muscles
67
Which muscles form the pectoral girdle?
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- serratus anterior
- pectoralis major
68
Which muscles form the intrinsic shoulder muscles?
- deltoid
- teres major
- roatator cuff muscles
69
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
70
What is the function of the intrinsic shoulder muscles?
- move the humerus at the shoulder joint
- stabilise the shoulder joint by holding the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
71
Lable this diagram of the pectoral girlde
1. Serratus anterior
2. Pectoralis major
3. Trapezius
4. Latissimus dorsi
72
Label this diagram of the intrinsic shoulder muscles
1. Deltoid
2. Rotator cuff muscles
3. Teres major
73
What are the anterior muscles of the arm?
- biceps brachii
- coracobrachialis
- brachialis
74
What are the posterior muscles of the arm?
- triceps brachii
- anconeus
75
What are the attachments of the deep forearm muscles?
- distal humerus
- radius and ulna
- interosseous membrane
76
What are the three compartments of the forearm?
- superficial flexor
- deep flexor
- extensor
77
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does flexor mean?
flexes at a joint
78
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does extensor mean?
Extends at a joint
79
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does capri mean?
Acts across the wrist
80
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does radialis mean?
Acts of the radial aspect of the wrist
81
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does ulnaris mean?
Acts on the ulnar aspect of the wrist
82
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does digitorum mean?
Acts on a group of digits (excluding thumb)
83
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does pollicis mean?
Acts only on thumb
84
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does digiti minimi mean?
Acts only on the little finger
85
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What does indicis mean?
Acts only on index finger
86
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What do longus and brevis mean?
Long and short
87
# (Forearm) muscle terminology
What do superficialis and profundus mean?
Superficial and deep
88
What is the thenar eminence of the hand?
prominence between the base of the thumb and the wrist containing small muscles acting on the thumb
89
What is the hypothenar eminence of the hand?
prominence between the base of the little finger and the wrist containing small muscles acting on the little finger
90
What are the different intrinsic muscle groups of the hand?
- thenar muscles
- adductor muscles
- hypothenar muscles
- interossei and lumbrical
91
What do the four lumbrical muscles do?
- flex metacarpal joints
- extend interphalageal joints
92
What do the three palmar interossei muscles do?
Adduct the digits (PAD)
92
What do the four doral interossei muscles do?
Abduct the digits (DAB)
93
Label the anterior arm muscles
1. Biceps brachii
2. Coracobrachialis
3. Brachialis
94
Label this diagram of the proximal humerus
1. Anatomical neck
2. Greater tuberosity
3. Surgical neck
4. Humeral head
5. Intertubercular groove
6. Lesser tuberosity
7. Deltoid tuberosity
95
Label this diagram of the distal humerus
1. Olecranon fossa
2. Lateral epicondyle
3. Trochlea
4. Medial epicondyle
5. Coronoid fossa
6. Radial fossa
7. Capitulum
96
Label this diagram of the bony landmarks of the radius and ulna
1. Head of radius
2. Radial tuberosity
3. Olecranon
4. Trochlear notch
5. Coronoid process
97
What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius?
- origin = skull, spinous process C7-T12
- insertion = clavicle, acromion and scapular spine
- action = elevates shoulder by rotating the scapula
98
What is the origin, insertion and action of the latissimus dorsi?
- origin = spinous process T7-T12
- insertion = intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
- action, action = extension, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder
99
What is the axilla?
Armpit
100
What are the six boundaries of the axilla?
• Anterior wall - pectoralis major and minor
• Posterior wall - subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi
• Lateral wall - intertubercular groove of humerus
• Medial wall - serratus anterior and thoracic wall
• Apex - clavicle, first rib and scapula. It is the passage between the neck and axilla.
• Base - skin and fascia between the thoracic wall and arm
101
What is the origin and insertion of the long head of the biceps brachii?
- origin = supraglenoid tubercle
- insertion = bicipital tendon to radial tuberosity and bicipital apomeurosis to cubital fossa
102
What are the two heads of the biceps brachii and where do they join?
- short and long head
- fuse into bicipital tendon
103
What is the origin and insertion of the brachialis?
- origin = shaft of humerus
- insertion = coronoid process of ulna
104
What is the origin and insertion of the coracobrachialis?
- origin = coracoid process of the scapula
- insertion = shaft of humerus
105
What are the three heads of the triceps brachii and what do they form?
- long, medial and lateral head
- fuse into triceps tendon
106
What is the origin and insertion of the long head of the triceps brachii?
- origin = infraglenoid tubercle
- insertion = triceps tendon to the olecranon of the ulna
107
What is the origin and insertion of the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii?
- origin = humeral shaft
- insertion = triceps tendon
108
Label this diagram of the glenohumeral joint
1. Clavicle
2. Acromioclavicular joint
3. Acromion
4. Humerus
109
What is 6?
Glenoid cavity
110
What are the four forearm muscles in the superficial layer from lateral to medial?
1. Protonator teres
2. Flexor carpi radialis
3. Palmaris longus
4. Flexor carpi ulnaris
111
What is the origin of the superficial forearm muscles?
Common flexor origin at medial epicondyle or humerus
112
What are the three deep anterior forearm muscles?
113
What is the intermediate forearm muscle?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
114
What are the three borders of the cubital fossa?
- lateral = bracioradialis (posterior forearm muscle)
- medial = pronatar teres
- superior = line between lateral and medial epicondyle of humerus
115
What is the origin of the posterior forearm muscles?
- common extensor origin
- found at lateral epicondyle of humerus for all muscles except brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus
116
Label this diagram of the elbow joint
1. Head of radius
2. Capitulum
3. Medial epicondyle
4. Coranoid process
5. Olecranon
117
Describe the wrist joint
- radiocarpal joint
- synovial joint
- between proximal carpal bones and distal ends of radius and ulna
118
What are the attachments of the extrinsic hand muscles?
- proximal = forearm
- distal = hand
119
What are the attachements of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Both proximal and distal in hand
120
Label this diagram
1. Hypothenar eminence
2. Thenar eminence
3. Lumbricals
4. Dorsal interossei
5. Palmar interossei
